Preliminary Phytochemical and Anti-Bacterial Studies on the Leaf Extracts of Plumeria Rubra Linn

Preliminary phytochemical screening and anti-bacterial activity of dried leaf extracts of Plumeria rubra using three solvent in the order of polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) was investigated. The phytochemical screening performed on the crude extracts revealed that the three extracts contained saponins and steroids. Tannins in ethylacetate and methanol extracts. Cardiac glycosides in ethylacetate extract, phlobatannins, flavonoids, terpenes and reducing sugar in methanol extract. The crude extracts were tested for their anti-bacterial activity on some pathogenic bacteria. Almost all the crude extracts displayed higher inhibitory effects at the tested concentration (20mg/ml), against four species of Gram negative (klesbsieva pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence) and ten Gram positive (Bacillus subtils, Staphlococcus aureus, Clostridium sporogenes, Staphlococcus epiderm, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium phyogenes, and Bacillus polymyxa) bacterial strains; hexane and methanol extracts were the most active of the three extracts of Plumeria rubra leaf. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, anti-bacterial activity, Plumeria rubra

Preliminary Phytochemical and Anti-Bacterial Studies on the Leaf Extracts of Plumeria Rubra Linn

Preliminary phytochemical screening and anti-bacterial activity of dried leaf extracts of Plumeria rubra using three solvent in the order of polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) was investigated. The phytochemical screening performed on the crude extracts revealed that the three extracts contained saponins and steroids. Tannins in ethylacetate and methanol extracts. Cardiac glycosides in ethylacetate extract, phlobatannins, flavonoids, terpenes and reducing sugar in methanol extract. The crude extracts were tested for their anti-bacterial activity on some pathogenic bacteria. Almost all the crude extracts displayed higher inhibitory effects at the tested concentration (20mg/ml), against four species of Gram negative (klesbsieva pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence) and ten Gram positive (Bacillus subtils, Staphlococcus aureus, Clostridium sporogenes, Staphlococcus epiderm, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium phyogenes, and Bacillus polymyxa) bacterial strains; hexane and methanol extracts were the most active of the three extracts of Plumeria rubra leaf. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, anti-bacterial activity, Plumeria rubra

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Fermented Cow Milk (Nono) Consumed Within Kaduna Town, North-Western Nigeria

10 Samples of two different types of fermented cow milk tsala (locally prepared diluted milk) and kindrimo (locally prepared concentrated milk) were collected from different locations around Kaduna metropolis, and analyzed for their physicochemical properties and microbiological quality.  The average levels of major chemical components were for: tsala: acidity (0.106%), protein (2.732%), fat (6.54%), total solid (7.68%), ash content (0.638%), and carbohydrate (82.80%); and for kindirmo: acidity (0.122%), protein (3.59%), fat (8.2%), total solid (10.06%), ash content (0.436%) and carbohydrate (77.70%). The average pH values obtained were   (4.09) and (4.42) respectively. The bacteria isolated includes; staphylococcus spp, lactobacillus spp, streptococcus spp, shigella spp, enterobacter, salmonella spp, protein Spp and mirococcus Spp. The fungi isolated included Aspergillus, yest, trichoderma, mucor and cardida. The result of the microbial count revealed that the total aerobic count on tsala ranged between 3 x 103 – 25 x 103 cfu/ml, while for Kindirmo the value ranged between 3 x 103 – 24 x 103 cfu/ml with sample 2E recording too numerous aerobic bacteria count. The coliform count on tsala ranged between 4 x 103 – 10 x 103 while kindirmo recorded a ranged of 1 x 103 – 25 x 103 cfu/ml. The fungi count in tsala ranged between 22 x 103 – 28 x 103 cfu/ml while that of kindirmo ranged between 10 x 103 – 22 x 103 cfu/ml.   The microbiological quality of the two fermented cow milk shows a high level of bacteriological contamination which may pose public health threat and indicates poor hygienic practices and therefore the need for improved hygienic standards. Keywords: microbiological quality, Physico-chemical composition, tsala, kindirmo, Kaduna

Studies on the Variation of Macro Nutrient Level Uptake of Maize Plants Stem with Age

The influence of seasonal changes on the physico-chemical characteristics of water resources quality in the western horn of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been investigated. The water resources investigated were rain, open well and borehole water. The seasonal temperature variations show the waters to be in a heterothermal phase, but values are not significantly different (P< 0.05). The pH of the water resources is acidic in nature with pH values < 5.50 at all seasons. In general, the data revealed that maxima and minima concentrations of the priority physico-chemical water quality parameters examined in the three water resources are either above or below the target water quality range (TWQR) for domestic use, making these three water resources available in the area a potential health hazards to inhabitant. The overall implication of this observation calls for an urgent water resources management strategy in the area in order to circumvent the fast deteriorating water resources quality, which may pose associated health risk and environmental hazards. @JASE