Correlation and high-resolution timing for Paleo-tethys Permian-Triassic boundary exposures in Vietnam and Slovenia using geochemical, geophysical and biostratigraphic data sets

Two Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) successions, Lung Cam in Vietnam, and Lukač in Slovenia, have been sampled for high-resolution magnetic susceptibility, stable isotope and elemental chemistry, and biostratigraphic analyses. These successions are located on the eastern (Lung Cam section) and western margins (Lukač section) of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during PTB time. Lung Cam, lying along the eastern margin of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean provides an excellent proxy for correlation back to the GSSP and out to other Paleo-Tethyan successions. This proxy is tested herein by correlating the Lung Cam section in Vietnam to the Lukač section in Slovenia, which was deposited along the western margin of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during the PTB interval. It is shown herein that both the Lung Cam and Lukač sections can be correlated and exhibit similar characteristics through the PTB interval. Using time-series analysis of magnetic susceptibility data, high-resolution ages are obtained for both successions, thus allowing relative ages, relative to the PTB age at ~252 Ma, to be assigned. Evaluation of climate variability along the western and eastern margins of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean through the PTB interval, using d18O values indicates generally cooler climate in the west, below the PTB, changing to generally warmer climates above the boundary. A unique Black Carbon layer (elemental carbon present by agglutinated foraminifers in their test) below the boundary exhibits colder temperatures in the eastern and warmer temperatures in the western Paleo-Tethys Ocean.ReferencesBalsam W., Arimoto R., Ji J., Shen Z, 2007. Aeolian dust in sediment: a re-examination of methods for identification and dispersal assessed by diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry. International Journal of Environment and Health, 1, 374-402.Balsam W.L., Otto-Bliesner B.L., Deaton B.C., 1995. 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First Ordovician Foraminifera from South America: A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) fauna from the San Juan Formation, Argentina

The first Ordovician foraminifers in South America are described from Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian)strata of the upper part of the San Juan Formation, Argentina. The foraminifers are found together with conodonts of the Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus /Dzikodus tablepointensis Zone that enhances the stratigraphic significance of the foraminifers. The assemblage of foraminifers described includes the agglutinated genera Lakites, Amphitremoida, Lavella, Ordovicina and Pelosina. The distribution of the genera Lakites and Lavella, previously known only from the Lower Ordovician, Floian (Tetragraptus phyllograptoides graptolite Zone), now can be extended up into the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian). The find of representatives of the xenophyophorean genus Pelosina extends the first appearance of this genus down into the Middle Ordovician.Fil: Nestell, Galina P.. University of Texas; Estados Unidos. St. Petersburg State University. Faculty of Geology; RusiaFil: Mestre, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones Mineras; ArgentinaFil: Heredia, Susana Emma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones Mineras; Argentin

Identifying globally synchronous Permian–Triassic boundary levels in successions in China and Vietnam using Graphic Correlation

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Understanding the timing and correlation of significant global events in Earth history is facilitated by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) concept, along with multi-proxy correlation techniques. As an example, the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) GSSP is used herein to correlate three PTB successions in east and southeast Asia. The PTB is defined using the First Appearance Datum (FAD) of the conodont Hindeodus parvus at the Meishan D section in China. By definition then, Meishan D is the only section on Earth where the FAD of H. parvus represents the beginning of the Triassic, at ~ 251.88 Ma, and thus the end of the Permian. Therefore, when correlating strata in any other section back to the PTB using biostratigraphic data, the local Lowest Observed Occurrence Point (LOOP) of H. parvus will probably not equate precisely to the defined FAD GSSP level (the PTB) for the beginning of the Triassic at Meishan D. The Graphic Correlation method, applied to PTB sites in China and Vietnam, is used herein to demonstrate that LOOPs of H. parvus in other successions are not equivalent in time to the PTB FAD. The LOOP and Highest Observed Occurrence Point (HOOP) for conodont data at two other successions studied, Huangzhishan in China, and Lung Cam in Vietnam, are used to determine the approximate level where the Triassic begins in these successions, resulting in high-resolution correlation among the sections and correlation back to the PTB GSSP level. It is demonstrated that when critical biostratigraphic data are missing, multiple proxy correlation techniques, geochemical, geophysical and, in some regional instances, unique lithostratigraphic information such as coeval ash beds, can be used to aid in locating the boundary in successions that are not the defining GSSP. LOOP and HOOP data are used to establish a Line of Correlation to differentiate between a defining PTB H. parvus FAD versus the H. parvus LOOP in secondary successions, and to project the PTB FAD into secondary sections to define the PTB at these localities. In addition, the timing of H. parvus arrivals at these sections is used to establish rough dispersal rates and patterns in the region

Conodont biostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic boundary sequence at Lung Cam, Vietnam

The occurrences of a few specimens of Clarkina and many specimens of Hindeodus at the Permian-Triassic boundary section at Lung Cam, Vietnam allow accurate graphic correlation to the P-T boundary stratotype at Meishan, China. One species of Clarkina, ten species and two subspecies of Hindeodus, and the apparatuses of Hindeodus latidentatus and Merrillina ultima are described and illustrated

Stratigraphy of Upper Permian and Lower Triassic Strata of the Žiri Area (Slovenia)

The paper deals with the stratigraphy of Late Permian and Early Triassic strata of the Lukač section in the Žiri area of western Slovenia. This is the only section presently known in the External Dinarides where the Permian-Triassic boundary is defined following international criteria based on the first appearance of the conodont Hindeodus parvus. The following lithostratigraphic units have been formalized: the Bellerophon Limestone and Evaporite-dolomite Members of the Bellerophon Formation and the Luka~ Formation with the three members,the Transitional Beds, Streaky Limestone and Carbonate-clastic Member. The paper presents the results of micropaleontologicalstudy based on foraminifers and conodonts as well as petrographic and sedimentologic research results. The investigation of conodont assemblages enabled the conodont biozonation of the Permian-Triassic interval of the studied Lukač section

Permian and Triassic exotic limestone blocks of the Crimea

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New results of microfaunal and geochemical investigations in the Permian–Triassic boundary interval from the Jadar Block (NW Serbia)

Detail results of microfaunal, sedimentological and geochemical investigations are documented from a newly discovered section of the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) interval in the area of the town of Valjevo (northwestern Serbia). The presence of various and abundant microfossils (conodonts, foraminifers, and ostracodes) found in the Upper Permian “Bituminous limestone” Formation enabled a determination of the Changhsingian Hindeodus praeparvus conodont Zone. This paper is the first report of latest Permian strata from the region, as well as from all of Serbia, where the PTB interval sediments have been part of a complex/integrated study by means of biostratigraphy and geochemistry

The Permian-Triassic boundary Lung Cam expanded section, Vietnam, as a high-resolution proxy for the GSSP at Meishan, China

© Cambridge University Press 2019. The Lung Cam expanded stratigraphic succession in Vietnam is correlated herein to the Meishan D section in China, the GSSP for the Permian-Triassic boundary. The first appearance datum of the conodont Hindeodus parvus at Meishan defines the Permian-Triassic boundary, and using published graphic correlation, the Permian-Triassic boundary level has been projected into the Lung Cam section. Using time-series analysis of magnetic susceptibility (χ) data, it is determined that H. parvus arrived at Lung Cam ∼18 kyr before the Permian-Triassic boundary. Data indicate that the Lung Cam section is expanded by ∼90 % relative to the GSSP section at Meishan. Given the expanded Lung Cam section, it is possible to resolve the timing of significant events during the Permian-Triassic transition with high precision. These events include major stepped extinctions, beginning at ∼135 kyr and ending at ∼110 kyr below the Permian-Triassic boundary, with a duration of ∼25 kyr, followed by deposition of Lung Cam ash Bed + 13, which is equivalent to Siberian Traps volcanism is graphically correlated to a precession Time-series model, placing onset of this major volcanic event at ~242 kyr before the PTB. The Meishan Beds 25 and 26, at ∼100 kyr before the Permian-Triassic boundary. In addition, the elemental geochemical, carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy susceptibility datasets from Lung Cam allow good correlation to other Permian-Triassic boundary succession. These datasets are helpful when the conodont biostratigraphy is poorly known in sections with problems such as lithofacies variability, or is undefined, owing possibly to lithofacies exclusions, anoxia or for other reasons. The Lung Pu Permian-Triassic boundary section, ∼45 km from Lung Cam, is used to test these problems