On magnetic leaf-wise intersections

In this article we introduce the notion of a magnetic leaf-wise intersection point which is a generalization of the leaf-wise intersection point with magnetic effects. We also prove the existence of magnetic leaf-wise intersection points under certain topological assumptions.Comment: 43 page

Clinical supervision for clinical psychology students in Uganda: an initial qualitative exploration

Background Burn out in clinical psychologists working in low income countries has been reported. Clinical supervisory structures do not yet exist in Uganda. A way to decrease levels of burn out and increase quality of care for people with mental illness is through clinical supervision. The aim of this study was to explore the initial experiences of supervision for clinical psychology students in Uganda to ascertain whether or not clinical supervision is culturally appropriate, and what aspects of supervision had been helpful and unhelpful. Methods A qualitative design with thematic analysis was utilized. A focus group was held with 12 second year clinical psychology students to ask their experiences of receiving supervision. Results Data analysis created five themes. Firstly, the negative emotions that resulted from the training processed were discussed, and how supervision helped and did not help the students to manage these. Secondly, the students voiced that supervision helped them to learn through observational experiences, co-therapist roles and parallel processes within the supervisory relationship. Thirdly, supervision had taught the clinical psychology students their role as a clinical psychology student, how to act within the Ugandan mental health system and skills to conduct therapy. Fourthly, suggestions for the future of supervision were given, with the students requesting for it to start earlier in the training, for supervisors who can meet with the students on a regular basis to be selected and for the training the students receive at university to match the skills required on their placements, with a request for more practical techniques rather than theory. The final theme related to left over miscellaneous data, such as the students agreeing with each other. Conclusions The students stated that supervision was helpful overall, implying that clinical supervision is culturally appropriate for clinical psychology students in Uganda. Suggestions for future supervision were given. In order to decrease high levels of staff burn out in the mental health systems in Uganda, supervisory structures with an emphasis on self care need to be established

Hat der EU-Binnenmarkt Wachstum und Beschäftigung gebracht?

Im liberalen Zeitgeist der 80er Jahre wurden die positiven Wirkungen der Schaffung eines „einheitlichen europäischen Marktes“ auf Wachstum und Beschäftigung von kaum jemanden in Frage gestellt,insbesondere als die beeindruckenden Prognosen der ökonomischen Gutachten veröffentlicht wurden.Dank der Vielzahl auch kommissionsfinanzierter empirischer Studien,die inzwischen erschienen sind, ist es möglich, ein detailliertes Bild der realen Auswirkungen dieses Projektes zu entwerfen und es auf die ökonomische Integrationstheorie zurückzubeziehen. Festgestellt werden kann, dass die ökonomischen Modelle und Simulationen der 80er Jahre einen Prozess suggeriert haben,wie er weder in Wirkungstiefe oder -breite noch in der Art der Dynamik real stattgefunden hat. Ähnliche Gutachten werden nach wie vor zur Begründung für weitere Integrationsschritte herangezogen, statt dass aus dieser Erfahrung Konsequenzen für eine wachstums- und beschäftigungsorientierte Neuausrichtung der europäischen Integrationsweise gezogen werden

European Integration after the Single Act: Changing and Persisting Patterns

With and through the integration thrust of the 1980s, a qualitative change in the interaction between economic and political actors has developed in Western Europe. The Single European Act, now more than a dozen years in force, marks the beginning of this process. The massive underestimation of the meaning of the Single Act on the part of most observers as well as actors involved in the integration process remains nothing less than astounding. In retrospect, the assessment of the actors who understood the Single Act as the first result of a far reaching dynamic has been confirmed. This is true on the economic level, where a fundamental structural change was set in motion in anticipation of the internal market, as well as on the political level. First, elements of integration projects that had been set aside were put back on the agenda in the 1980s, in particular the project of a European monetary union, which became the core of the next policy package, the Maastricht Treaty. The political dynamic after 1986 can also be traced back to changes in the decision-making process at European level that were effected through the Single European Act, especially the further erosion of the ‘veto culture’. In addition, the Commission was able to develop and maintain a strong, proactive role in many areas. Along with this came successive expansions of the circle of involved political actors. The new transnational forms of cooperation, without which the new integration dynamic cannot be explained, developed further. This did not lead to an end of the central position of the individual roundtables of industrialists in Brussels, but they increasingly became one voice among others

Tying up the Luxembourg package of 1985

A considerable part of the debate on the reasons for the integration thrust in the 1980s is based on the not always precise differentiation between statements on the origins of political initiatives, the corresponding agenda setting, the mediation of interests and thus the transformation of the initiative and its adoption. This is shown with the often undifferentiated use of the terms ‘1992 Initiative’, ‘EC reform’, ‘Single European Act’ (SEA), etc. Furthermore, the origins of political initiatives and the prerequisites for their success (or failure) are often imprecisely distinguished from each other. This chapter chronologically and logically follows chapter 1 in that it reconstructs the process of the construction of a successful package deal, the Luxembourg package, by making reference to the analysis of the causal factors of the integration relaunch. The Luxembourg package is hereby defined as the entirety of the agreements on the insertion or amendment of articles in the EC treaties, as they were formulated during the intergovernmental conference in 1985, which together form the Single Act and which were adopted by the Council of Ministers in 1986. The first section presents some theoretical considerations on the conditions for success of a package deal. The following section describes important integration projects and processes for forming alliances. The first six months in 1984 are seen as the ‘take-off’ phase for the SEA. The Commission's changing role, its actual ‘rebirth’ as a result of an altered situation and as a precondition for the creation of a negotiation package, is then discussed

Wirtschaftliche Effekte der europäischen Integration: Theoriebildung und empirische Forschung

In diesem Working Paper wird der Stand des Wissens über die Wirkungskanäle und wirtschaftlichen Effekte des europäischen Integrationsprozesses rekonstruiert, dieses wird einer kritischen Sichtung unterzogen, und es werden Schlussfolgerungen für die weitere Forschung und Theoriebildung gewonnen. Die empirischen Befunde aus fünfzig Jahren Integrationsforschung werden zusammengefasst und den politisch definierten Projekten wirtschaftlicher Integration sowie den jeweils vorherrschenden integrationstheoretischen Modellen und Simulationen gegenübergestellt. Der Nachweis wirtschaftlicher Effekte der europäischen Integration ist bisher nur für wenige Dimensionen und nur in wenigen Fällen überzeugend geführt worden. Relativ gesichert ist das Wissen über Handels- und Investitionseffekte. Darüber hinaus sind die von der ökonomischen Integrationstheorie postulierten Wirkungskanäle weitgehend nicht belegt, und es gibt eine Reihe von empirischen Evidenzen, die Zweifel an deren Validität aufkommen lassen. Fast vollständig vernachlässigt worden sind die Wirkungen politischer Steuerung, monetärer Transfers und Verteilungsfragen insgesamt. Weder ein einmaliger noch ein dauerhafter Wachstumseffekt der europäischen Integration kann als gesichert nachgewiesen betrachtet werden. Das üblicherweise mit dem Binnenmarkt-Projekt verbundene Bild eines Liberalisierungs-big-bang ist von der Wirkungsseite her eindeutig falsch. Die integrationstheoretischen Modellen und Simulationen haben einen Prozess suggeriert, wie er weder in Wirkungstiefe und -breite noch in Art der Dynamik stattgefunden hat. Das Gesamtbild, das sich abzeichnet, ist eines verschiedener sich überlappender, sich gegenseitig verstärkender oder konterkarierender integrationsinduzierter Prozesse und Strukturen, die unterschiedliche Nettoeffekte auf Wachstum und Konvergenz der beteiligten Länder hatten.What do we really know about the economic impact of European integration? This working paper reviews and critically analyzes the literature addressing this question and draws conclusions about where research and theoretical developments in this area can go in the future. The empirical findings of fifty years of research on European integration are summarized and contrasted with policymakers’ plans for economic integration and with the theoretical models of integration and empirical simulations that have been at the forefront of scholarly debate over the years. European integration’s economic impact has been convincingly proven only for a few particular aspects and in a few particular cases. The knowledge about its impact on trade and investments, for example, is based on relatively sound findings. However, there is little evidence supporting the channels of impact suggested by economic integration theory. In fact, there is evidence that casts doubt on the validity of traditional integration theory altogether. The effects of supranational intervention policies and of monetary transfers have been neglected almost entirely, as has the whole issue of the distribution of integration gains. There is no convincing empirical evidence of European integration having led to either short-term or sustained economic growth effects. A closer look at the impact of the European Single Market project shows that the widespread notion of a “big bang” of liberalization is definitely inaccurate. Theoretical models and empirical simulations projected a process whose impact would be broad, deep, and dynamic, but its actual impact was not that great. What really happened? European integration has led to many overlapping processes and structures that either give each other momentum or impede each other, and whose net impact on growth and convergence has varied from country to country.1 Einleitung 2 Die frühe Phase der westeuropäischen Integration: Supranationale Steuerung oder Wandel durch Handel? 3 Die wirtschaftlichen Effekte der europäischen Integration der 80/90er-Jahre 3.1 Die Effekte der Schaffung eines einheitlichen europäischen Binnenmarktes 3.2 Weitere wirtschaftliche Effekte des Integrationsprozesses 3.3 Regionale Integration und Konvergenz 3.4 Schlussfolgerungen 4 Schlussfolgerungen und weiterführende Überlegungen Literatu