Field and Laboratory Studies Provide Insights into the Meaning of Day-Time Activity in a Subterranean Rodent (Ctenomys aff. knighti), the Tuco-Tuco

South American subterranean rodents (Ctenomys aff. knighti), commonly known as tuco-tucos, display nocturnal, wheel-running behavior under light-dark (LD) conditions, and free-running periods >24 h in constant darkness (DD). However, several reports in the field suggested that a substantial amount of activity occurs during daylight hours, leading us to question whether circadian entrainment in the laboratory accurately reflects behavior in natural conditions. We compared circadian patterns of locomotor activity in DD of animals previously entrained to full laboratory LD cycles (LD12∶12) with those of animals that were trapped directly from the field. In both cases, activity onsets in DD immediately reflected the previous dark onset or sundown. Furthermore, freerunning periods upon release into DD were close to 24 h indicating aftereffects of prior entrainment, similarly in both conditions. No difference was detected in the phase of activity measured with and without access to a running wheel. However, when individuals were observed continuously during daylight hours in a semi-natural enclosure, they emerged above-ground on a daily basis. These day-time activities consisted of foraging and burrow maintenance, suggesting that the designation of this species as nocturnal might be inaccurate in the field. Our study of a solitary subterranean species suggests that the circadian clock is entrained similarly under field and laboratory conditions and that day-time activity expressed only in the field is required for foraging and may not be time-dictated by the circadian pacemaker

Reviewing the integration of patient data: how systems are evolving in practice to meet patient needs

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The integration of Information Systems (IS) is essential to support shared care and to provide consistent care to individuals – patient-centred care. This paper identifies, appraises and summarises studies examining different approaches to integrate patient data from heterogeneous IS.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The literature was systematically reviewed between 1995–2005 to identify articles mentioning patient records, computers and data integration or sharing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of 3124 articles, 84 were included describing 56 distinct projects. Most of the projects were on a regional scale. Integration was most commonly accomplished by messaging with pre-defined templates and middleware solutions. HL7 was the most widely used messaging standard. Direct database access and web services were the most common communication methods. The user interface for most systems was a Web browser. Regarding the type of medical data shared, 77% of projects integrated diagnosis and problems, 67% medical images and 65% lab results. More recently significantly more IS are extending to primary care and integrating referral letters.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It is clear that Information Systems are evolving to meet people's needs by implementing regional networks, allowing patient access and integration of ever more items of patient data. Many distinct technological solutions coexist to integrate patient data, using differing standards and data architectures which may difficult further interoperability.</p

Áreas de produção de algodão em Mato Grosso: nematoides, murcha de fusarium, sistemas de cultivo, fertilidade e física de solo.

A produção de algodão no estado de Mato Grosso é comprovadamente eficiente e rentável. A cada safra aumentam a tecnificação da cultura e o conhecimento acumulado. Reflexo disso é o crescimento da área ocupada por essa cultura em Mato Grosso, que representa mais de 50% do algodão plantado no país. No entanto, problemas relacionados à ocorrência de nematoides e doenças a eles associadas vêm crescendo e preocupando os produtores. Existem vários exemplos de inviabilidade de áreas em função desses parasitas, principalmente em locais que foram tradicionais no cultivo do algodoeiro. Práticas de manejo deverão ser incentivadas para reduzir ou pelo menos manter estável o problema. Para que a melhor estratégia possa ser utilizada, além de quantificar quais são as espécies presentes, é fundamental conhecer o sistema de produção no qual atua o produtor, o histórico da área, bem como as condições físicas e químicas do solo. O trabalho aqui relatado enfoca um esforço nesta direção, realizado em parceria entre o Instituto Mato-grossense do Algodão (IMAmt), a Associação Mato-grossense dos Produtores de Algodão (AMPA), o Instituto Brasileiro do Algodão (IBA), a Associação dos Produtores de Sementes de Mato Grosso (Aprosmat) e quatro unidades da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa): a Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril, Embrapa Algodão, Embrapa Instrumentação e Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste.bitstream/item/115841/1/cpamt-2014-matos-producao-algodao-mt.pd

O Brasil e as negociações multilaterais

O artigo procura demonstrar que o Brasil sempre favoreceu a participação em fóruns multilaterais e que esta tendência tem se acentuado na década de 1990.<br>The article seeks to show that Brazil has favored multilateral instances throughout its history. In the nineties, this trend has increased