Flexural Performance of Steel Reinforced ECC-Concrete Composite Beams Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles

YesExperimental and theoretical investigations on the flexural performance of steel reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams subjected to freeze–thaw cycles are presented in this paper. Four groups of reinforced composite beams with different ECC height replacement ratios subject to 0, 50, 100 and 150 cycles of freeze–thaw were physically tested to failure. Experimental results show that the bending capacity decreases with the increase of freeze–thaw cycles regardless of ECC height replacement ratios. However, the ultimate moment, stiffness and durability of ECC specimens and ECC-concrete composite specimens are greater than those of traditional concrete specimens, owing to the excellent tensile performance of ECC materials. With the increase of ECC height, the crack width and average crack spacing gradually decrease. According to materials’ constitutive models, compatibility and equilibrium conditions, three failure modes with two boundary failure conditions are proposed. Simplified formulas for the moment capacity are also developed. The results predicted by the simplified formulas show good agreement with the experimental moment capacity and failure modes. A parametric analysis is conducted to study the influence of strength and height of ECC, amount of reinforcement, concrete strength and cycles of freeze–thaw on moment capacity and curvature ductility of ECC-concrete composite beams

Numerical analysis of inelastic reinforced high-strength concrete beams with low reinforcement ratio

W artykule przedstawiono analizę wytężenia zginanych belek żelbetowych wykonanych z betonu wysokiej wytrzymałości o niskim stopniu zbrojenia. Modelowanie deformacji elementów pod obciążeniem statycznym do zniszczenia włącznie z uwzględnieniem nieliniowości fizycznych betonu i stali zbrojeniowej przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem zasad metody elementów skończonych. W celu zweryfikowania przyjętych modeli materiałów konstrukcyjnych wyniki analiz numerycznych przedstawiono na tle wyników eksperymentalnych dostępnych w literaturze.Numerical modelling of flexural behavior of the reinforced highstrength concrete beams with low reinforcement ratio is discussed in this paper. Modelling mechanism of failure reinforced concrete beams under static load, static deformation processes of the reinforced high-strength concrete beams with regard to the physical nonlinearities of the structural materials (i.e. concrete and reinforcement steel) were developed using finite element analysis. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results as well as theoretical solutions, were presented. The compared results indicate correctness of the constitutive models of the structural materials: concrete and reinforcing steel and effectiveness of the solution method

Serviceability limit states of high performance reinforced concrete beams with hybrid fibre

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki i analizy badań belek żelbetowych wykonanych z betonu wysokowartościowego z dodatkiem włókien stalowych i polipropylenowych poddanych zginaniu w schemacie 4-punktowym przy obciążeniach eksploatacyjnych. Badania przeprowadzono dla trzech prostokątnych belek żelbetowych zróżnicowanych pod względem ilości i rodzaju zbrojenia. W belce B1 skonstruowano tradycyjne zbrojenie prętami stalowymi. W belkach B2 i B3 zamiast prętów górnych i strzemion zastosowano zbrojenie rozproszone o zmiennej procentowej objętości włókien. W badaniach wykorzystano system pomiarowy do bezkontaktowych trójwymiarowych pomiarów odkształceń – ARAMIS. Analizy zachowania belek pod obciążeniem statycznym w zakresie użytkowalności przedstawiono w oparciu o: obrazy zarysowania i odkształcenia oraz zależności siła-przemieszczenie.The article presents the results of research and analysis of reinforced high performance concrete beams with steel and polypropylene fibres at service load. The beams were bent in the 4-point model. Research was carried out for three different rectangular reinforced concrete beams in terms of the quantity and the type of reinforcement. The beam B1 was constructed conventionally with reinforced steel rods. The beams B2 and B3, instead of the compressive rods and the stirrups the fibre reinforcement of variable fibre volume percentage was applied. In the tests a non-contact system for three-dimensional measurements of deformation – ARAMIS was used. The analysis of the behaviour of the beams under static load for serviceability was based on: images of cracks, strain and force – displacement curves

Bezpieczenstwo w cyberprzestrzeni a prawo karne

Cyberprzestrzeń stanowi jeden z obszarów, w obrębie których można zidentyfikować coraz liczniejsze zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa. W tym kontekście należy się odwołać do, wydanych przez Narodowy Instytut Standardów i Technologii dnia 12 lutego 2014 roku, Ram dla polepszania cyberbezpieczeństwa krytycznych infrastruktur, w których podnosi się, iż zagrożenia dla cyberbezpieczeństwa powstają ze względu na coraz większą złożoność i łączność w ramach infrastruktury krytycznej, podczas gdy narodowe i ekonomiczne bezpieczeństwo państwa uzależnione jest od jej niezawodnego funkcjonowania

Modelling of behaviour of inelastic reinforced concrete beam

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono analizę wytężenia zginanej belki żelbetowej. Modelowanie przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem zasad metody elementów skończonych. W celu zweryfikowania poprawności założonych modeli materiałów konstrukcyjnych: betonu i stali zbrojeniowej porównano otrzymane wyniki obliczeń numerycznych z wynikami doświadczalnymi oraz z wynikami obliczeń analitycznych.Numerical modelling of the reinforced concrete beam is discussed in this paper. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results as well as theoretical solutions, were presented. The compared results indicate correctness of the constitutive models of the structural materials: concrete and reinforcing steel and effectiveness of the solution method

Testing and determination of bond stresses between reinforcing steel and concrete

W niniejszej pracy opisano czynniki mające wpływ na przyczepność betonu do stali zbrojeniowej. Przedstawiono podstawowe metody badania i wyznaczania naprężeń przyczepności. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań belek żelbetowych z wycięciem. Wyniki te były podstawą porównania kilku sposobów wyznaczania granicznych naprężeń przyczepności.The factors having influence on the bond stresses between concrete and reinforcing steel were described in the present paper. The basic methods of investigation and determination of the bond stresses were presented. The experimental results for the reinforced concrete beams with notch were discussed. These results were the basis for the comparison of several methods of determination of the limit bond stresses

Numerical modeling of diagonal cracks in concrete beams

In the paper, the method of a numerical simulation concerning diagonal crack propagation in concrete beams was presented. Two beams reinforced longitudinally but without shear reinforcement were considered during the Finite Element Method analysis. In particular, a nonlinear method was used to simulate the crack evaluation in the beams. The analysis was performed using the commercial program ANSYS. In the numerical simulation, the limit surface for concrete described by Willam and Warnke was applied to model the failure of concrete. To solve the FEM-system of equations, the Newton-Raphson method was used. As the results of FEM calculations, the trajectories of total stains and numerical images of smeared cracks were obtained for two analyzed beams: the slender beam S5 of leff = 1.8 m and the short beam S3k of leff = 1.1 m. The applied method allowed to generate both flexural vertical cracks and diagonal cracks in the shear regions. Some differences in the evaluation of crack patterns in the beams were observed. The greater number of flexural vertical cracks which penetrated deeper in the beam S5 caused the lower stiffness and the greater deformation in the beam S5 compared to the short beam S3k. Numerical results were compared with the experimental data from the early tests performed by Słowik [3]. The numerical simulation yielded very similar results as the experiments and it confirmed that the character of failure process altered according to the effective length of the member. The proposed numerical procedure was successfully verified and it can be suitable for numerical analyses of diagonal crack propagation in concrete beams

Numerical Modeling Of Diagonal Cracks In Concrete Beams

In the paper, the method of a numerical simulation concerning diagonal crack propagation in concrete beams was presented. Two beams reinforced longitudinally but without shear reinforcement were considered during the Finite Element Method analysis. In particular, a nonlinear method was used to simulate the crack evaluation in the beams. The analysis was performed using the commercial program ANSYS. In the numerical simulation, the limit surface for concrete described by Willam and Warnke was applied to model the failure of concrete. To solve the FEM-system of equations, the Newton-Raphson method was used. As the results of FEM calculations, the trajectories of total stains and numerical images of smeared cracks were obtained for two analyzed beams: the slender beam S5 of leff = 1.8 m and the short beam S3k of leff = 1.1 m. The applied method allowed to generate both flexural vertical cracks and diagonal cracks in the shear regions. Some differences in the evaluation of crack patterns in the beams were observed. The greater number of flexural vertical cracks which penetrated deeper in the beam S5 caused the lower stiffness and the greater deformation in the beam S5 compared to the short beam S3k. Numerical results were compared with the experimental data from the early tests performed by Słowik [3]. The numerical simulation yielded very similar results as the experiments and it confirmed that the character of failure process altered according to the effective length of the member. The proposed numerical procedure was successfully verified and it can be suitable for numerical analyses of diagonal crack propagation in concrete beams

Analysis of limit state of reinforced high performance hybrid fiber concrete deep beams with openings

W artykule przedstawiono analizy wytrzymałościowe tarcz z otworami wykonanych z betonu wysokowartościowego z dodatkiem włókien hybrydowych - stalowych i polipropylenowych. Porównano wyniki badań nośności na ścinanie z wartościami obliczonymi analitycznie na podstawie własnej propozycji oceny teoretycznej nośności elementów tarczowych powstałej przez modyfikacje wzorów empirycznych.The article presents the analysis of the strength of reinforced deep beams with openings made of high performance hybrid fibre concrete – steel and polypropylene. We compared the results of the shear capacity of the analytically calculated values based on its own assessment of the theoretical capacity of the proposals deep beams members created by modifications of empirical formulas

The analysis of deformation states high strength fibre-reinforced concrete plates in flexural

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań zginanych płyt żelbetowych wykonanych z betonu wysokowartościowego o wskaźniku woda/spoiwo równym 0,2 z dodatkiem włókien stalowych i polipropylenowych uzyskane z wykorzystaniem systemu ARAMIS, do bezkontaktowych trójwymiarowych pomiarów odkształceń. Płyty zbrojono siatkami z prętow �8 mm, a czynnikiem zmiennym w badaniach była procentowa zawartość dodatku włókien do betonu. W wyniku przeprowadzonych eksperymentów stwierdzono istotny wpływ kombinacji zbrojenia strukturalnego na nośność płyt.The article presents the results of bending tests on reinforced concrete made of high strength concrete with water/(cement+microsilica) ratio of 0.2 with addition of steel and polypropylene fibres obtained with the system of non-contact three-dimensional displacement measuring system – ARAMIS. The plates were reinforced with grids and the variable was the content of fibres in concrete. The experiments proved significant influence of structural reinforcing combinations on load capacity of plates