Assessment of factors associated with complete immunization coverage in children aged 12-23 months: a cross-sectional study in Nouna district, Burkina Faso

This study identifies specific factors associated with immunization status in Nouna health district (Burkina Faso) in order to advance improved intervention strategies in this district and in those with similar environmental and social contexts. While comprehensive communication may improve understanding about immunization, local interventions should also take into account religious specificities and critical economic periods. Communication problems need to be examined; for instance, many respondents did not understand what the health workers wanted; and or they assumed their child was already totally immunized. Particular approaches that take into consideration local distinctions need to be applied

The C-disaccharide alpha-C(1 -> 3)-mannopyranoside of N-acetylgalactosamine is an inhibitor of glycohydrolases and of human alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VI. its epimer alpha-(1 -> 3)-mannopyranoside of N-acetyltalosamine is not

The radical C-glycosidation of (-)-(1S,4R,5R,6R)-6-endo-chloro-3-methylidene-5-exo-(phenylseleno)-7-oxa bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one ((-)-4) with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide gave (+)-(1S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-endo-chloro-5-exo-(phenylseleno)-3-endo-(1',3',4' ,5'-tetra-O-acetyl-2',6'-anhydro-7'-deoxy-D-glycero-D-manno-heptitol-7'- C-yl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-one ((+)-5) that was converted into (+)-(1R,2S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-3-chloro-2-anhydro-6-(1R,2S,5R,6R)-5-aceta mido-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-6-(1',3',4',5'-tetra-O-acetyl)-2',6'-anhydro-7'- deoxy-D- glycero-D-manno-heptitol-7'-C-yl)cyclohex-3-en-1-yl acetate ((+)-10) and into (+)-(1R,2S,5R,6S)-5-bromo-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-6-(1',3',4',5',-tetra-O-ace tyl-2',6'-anhydro-7'-deoxy-D-glycero-D-manno-heptitol-7'-C-yl)cyclohex-3 -en-1-yl acetate ((+)-19). Ozonolysis of (+)-10 and further transformations provided 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-3-C-(2',6'-anhydro-7'-deoxy-D-glycero-D-manno- heptitol-7'-C-yl)-D-galactose (alpha-C(1-->3)-D-mannopyranoside of N-acetylgalactosamine (alpha-D-Manp-(1-->3)CH2-D-GalNAc): 1). Displacement of the bromide (+)-19 with NaN3 in DMF provided the corresponding azide ((-)-20) following a SN2 mechanism. Ozonolysis of (-)-20 and further transformations led to 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-3-C-(2',6'-anhydro-7'-deoxy-D-glycerol-D-manno-h eptitol-7'-C-yl)-D-talose (alpha-C(1-->3)-D-mannopyranoside of N-acetyl D-talosamine (alpha-D-Manp-(1-->3)CH2-D-TalNAc): 2). The neutral C-disaccharide 1 inhibits several glycosidases (e.g., beta-galactosidase from jack bean with K-i = 7.5 mu M, alpha-L-fucosidase from human placenta with K-i = 28 mu M, beta-glucosidase from Caldocellum saccharolyticum with K-i = 18 mu M) and human alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VI (Fuc-TVI) with K-i = 120 mu M whereas it 2-epimer 2 does not. Double reciprocal analysis showed that the inhibition of Fuc-TVI by 1 displays a mixed pattern with respect to both the donor sugar GDP-fucose and the acceptor LacNAc with K-i of 123 and 128 mu M, respectively

Exploring the acceptor substrate recognition of the human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase

International audienc

Expression of recombinant proteins in a lipid A mutant of Escherichia coli BL21 with a strongly reduced capacity to induce dendritic cell activation and maturation

Mutations in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella lpxM gene have been shown to result in strains which grow normally and which produce a non-myristoylated lipopolysaccharide (nmLPS) with strongly reduced endotoxicity. Using homologous recombination, we inactivated the lpxM gene in BL21 (DE3), a strain widely used for the production of recombinant proteins. This led to a derivative unaffected in its capacity to support the production of recombinant proteins. This new strain expresses non-myristoylated LPS that induces markedly less activation and maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), as assessed by nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), production of TNF-alpha and IL-8 or expression of CD86. Activation of the main signal transducing receptor for extracellular LPS, Toll like receptor (TLR) 4 in conjunction with the soluble accessory protein MD-2 was also markedly decreased.The modified BL21 strain represents a new application of lpxM inactivation for the expression of proteins to be tested on dendritic cells or other LPS sensitive cells/receptor complexes. It is likely to be useful for the identification of new proteins activating the innate immune response and to reducing the risk linked with low level of endotoxin contamination in therapeutic recombinant proteins

Reconsidering the water system of Roman Barcino (Barcelona) from supply to discharge

This paper presents the results of the ‘Roman Barcino Water Network’ Project. This study employed a series of methodologies aiming at joining and interpreting all data available on water supply, distribution, management, use and discharge in the Romancolony of Barcino (modern Barcelona). Analyses of the results substantially modified previous knowledge of Barcino’s water organization and provided one of the few examples in which the whole water system of a Roman city has been tackled. We concluded that the water supply employed a single aqueduct, which divided before entering the city and not two of them as it was previously assumed. Barcino’s water distribution system was designed according to the different uses of water and was conditioned by the city’s particular topography. The results also stress the colony’s ample water availability, which despite its small size, allowed the maintenance of multiple public and private baths as befitted an accommodated population of merchants and administrators