Apical dominance in Alstroemeria cultured in vitro

Apical dominance in Alstroemeria is studied to develop an improved propagation protocol for this crop. Four types of explants were prepared: an intact rhizome with two intact shoots (+R+2S), an intact rhizome with two decapitated shoots (+R-2S), a decapitated rhizome with two intact shoots (-R+2S), and a decapitated rhizome with two decapitated shoots (-R-2S). The explants were cultivated on solid MS medium with 9 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). -R-2S explants showed the highest and +R+2S the lowest axillary-bud outgrowth. Outgrowth in -R+2S and +R-2S explants was intermediate. So, axillary buds are released by removal of the rhizome tip and by removal of the shoot tips. In both decapitated shoots and decapitated rhizomes, application of lanolin with 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) to the cut end restored apical dominance. This indicates that both tips exert an effect via basipetally transported auxi

Kolonialisme as historiese proses

In this article the importance of viewing colonialism as a historical process is discussed. Colonialism as a historical process has certain general phases and features , as well as general causes and effects . The first phase can be called the preamble to colonization , subsequent to which the establishment of a colonial structure takes place . During the existence of this structure , which has certain general political, economic and social features , processes of change occur with in the colonial society . Which in m any cases ultimately lead to the removal o r disappearance o f the colonial structure . Usually processes of integration and of conflict and resistance are both present, but in some cases the first process and in some the other process is the dominating one . After the colonial structure has come to an end , the last phase or aftermath of the colonial process follows

Die tydskrif Woord en Daad en die apartheidsbeleid, 1954-1966

The journal Woord en Daad ("Word and Action") was founded in 1954 with the aim of discussing political and social matters from a Christian perspective. The editors believed that the apartheid policy was based on Christian principleS and generally supported the implementation of this policy. Very little criticism on government measures regarding the coloured franchise, forced removals, the pass laws, etc., appeared in Woord and Daad. The journal did, however, urge the government to accelerate the development of the so-called black homelands and warned white South Africans that the apartheid policy would fail if they were not prepared to make economic sacrifices. During the years 1954 to 1966 the journal was instrumental in convincing Afrikaners, especially members of the Reformed ("Dopper") Church, that apartheid was a just policy

Die rol van kolonialisme in historiese ontwikkeling

The article deals with some problems regarding the work of those historian s who try to evaluate the effects of modern Western colonialism on the colonized territories o f Asia and Africa. It is argued that the political, economical, social, cultural and religious consequences have all to be taken in to account and that, depending on the historian's philosophical or ideological view point, certain consequences will be con s id ere d more important than others. Some aspects of a Christian view of history, involving colonialism as a historical phenomenon, are discussed. It is pointed out that the development of societies has always been thoroughly influenced by cultural interchange which has taken place among different societies. Colonialism has always been an important factor in the process by which societies have influenced one another, providing an essential part of the process of historical development

Van ’n Eurosentriese na ’n Afrosentriese Geskiedenis - is daar 'n alternatief?

A white-centred, or Eurocentric view of South African history has, until recently, been prevalent in textbooks and school syllabi. However, during the last two decades, a number of textbooks have appeared which provide an Afrocentric view of South African history. This article examines to what extent it is possible to overcome both Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism in the interpretation of South African history and what the role of a Christian perspective on history can and should be in this regard. It is argued that the history of South Africa should be viewed within the context of the history of the world, and that any interpretation of world history involves a philosophy of history. A Christian view o f history provides a unique perspective on the unity, history and on the role that different cultures and peoples play in the history of mankind. It is concluded that when a Christian view of history forms the basis of a scientific study of both world history and South African history, Eurocentric and Afrocentric interpretations can be avoided

Nederlandse nasionalisme en Afrikanernasionalisme - ’n vergelyking

A comparison between Dutch and Afrikaner nationalism The development of Dutch nationalism during the nineteenth century was strongly influenced hy events in South Africa and reached its zenith during the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. The beginnings of Afrikaner nationalism are to he found in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and were to a certain extent stimulated by Dutch nationalism. This article compares some features of both nationalisms, aiming especially to find similarities which might have been caused by the influence of one of these manifestations of nationalism on the other. It is concluded, however, that the similarities between these manifestations of nationalism are mainly caused by the characteristics of nationalism as a genera! phenomenon. In this article the role of Calvinist religion and philosophy in the development of Dutch and Afrikaner nationalism is briefly examined. It seems as if in both the Netherlands and South Africa influential Calvinist intellectuals with strong nationalist views p layed a role, but that they d id not have a major impact on the development of nationalism in either of the two countries. Both Dutch and the Afrikaner nationalists, however, regarded the Calvinist worldview and lifestyle of their forebears as essential features of Dutch and Afrikaner national identities

Vormverandering van kolonialisme in die geskiedenis

In this article it is argued that there are different forms of colonialism and that some forms mainly featured in ancient and medieval times, while some forms belong to the modern and contemporary age. Forms such as tribal invasions, the moving of frontiers , political empires and trade colonies already existed during antiquity. Only from the sixteenth century onwards commercial empires were established world wide, giving rise to the development of settlement colonies. The large colonial empires which still existed at the beginning of the twentieth century have come to an end, but colonialism as such has not disappeared. Internal colonialism, which made its appearance with the development of the modern state system, and indirect colonialism should be regarded as the main forms of colonialism which exist today

Afrikaners en Nederlanders: stamverwante?

Are the Afrikaners kinsmen of the Dutch?In some recent publications the Afrikaners and the Dutch have been referred to as each other's cousins, kinsmen or relatives. Other authors, however, consider the concept of “stamverwantskap" (which can be translated as tribal affiliation or as membership of a family of nations) to be outdated and incorrect. This article briefly examines the development of the idea of "stamverwantskap” between Dutchmen, Flemings and Afrikaners and points out that this idea forms part of nineteenth-century nationalist thought. It is especially linked to the view that nations have characteristics which are similar to those of living organisms. Furthermore, the idea of kinship between the Afrikaners and the Dutch developed within the pan-Dutch movement, which had imperialist aims. It is concluded that the idea of "stamverwantskap" is incompatible with a Christian view of history and society. While the present trend is to regard all mother-tongue speakers of Afrikaans as Afrikaners, the idea of kinship is a hindrance rather than a help in the development of cultural relations between the Afrikaners and the Dutch

Politieke koersaanduiding in Koers, 1933-1961

The political direction of Koers, 1933-1961The journal Koers was founded in 1933 by Afrikaner Calvinists of the Potchefstroom University College for Christian Higher Education. This journal was their main voice for views on political affairs during the period before 1961. This article examines the views of contributors to Koers regarding, inter alia, the political future o f South Africa, the relations between the main racial and cultural groups in the country and international political developments. It is concluded that these views mainly reflect strong nationalist sentiments. Although it was the aim of Koers to point out a Calvinist approach to political issuses, this aim was realised to a very limited extent only. The viewpoints o f Koers differed little from those of Afrikaner nationalists in general. In the years before the Second World War Koers had a stronger republican stance than the political parties to which most Afrikaners belonged. During and after the War L.J. du Plessis and other influential writers in Koers supported the Ossewa-Brandwag, an organization which resembled Fascist political movements in Europe and which, after 1942, opposed the National Party. The failure to distinguish clearly between the aims o f Afrikaner nationalism and Calvinist principles, obstructed Koers in forming its attempt at a Christian perspective on political affairs