Influence of convection on microstructure

The mechanism responsible for the difference in microstructure caused by solidifying the MnBi-Bi eutectic in space is sought. The objectives for the three year period are as follows: (1) completion of the following theoretical analyses - determination of the influence of the Soret effect on the average solid composition versus distance of off-eutectic mixtures directionally solidified in the absence of convection, determination of the influence of convection on the microstructure of off-eutectic mixtures using a linear velocity profile in the adjacent melt, determination of the influence of volumetric changes during solidification on microconvection near the freezing interface and on microstructure, and determination of the influence of convection on microstructure when the MnBi fibers project out in front of the bismuth matrix; (2) search for patterns in the effect of microgravity on different eutectics (for example, eutectic composition, eutectic temperature, usual microstructure, densities of pure constituents, and density changes upon solidification); and (3) determination of the Soret coefficient and the diffusion coefficient for Mn-Bi melts near the eutectic composition, both through laboratory experiements to be performed here and from data from Shuttle experiments

Influence of convection on microstructure

In eutectic growth, as the solid phases grow they reject atoms to the liquid. This results in a variation of melt composition along the solid/liquid interface. In the past, mass transfer in eutectic solidification, in the absence of convection, was considered to be governed only by the diffusion induced by compositional gradients. However, mass transfer can also be generated by a temperature gradient. This is called thermotransport, thermomigration, thermal diffusion or the Soret effect. A theoretical model of the influence of the Soret effect on the growth of eutectic alloys is presented. A differential equation describing the compositional field near the interface during unidirectional solidification of a binary eutectic alloy was formulated by including the contributions of both compositional and thermal gradients in the liquid. A steady-state solution of the differential equation was obtained by applying appropriate boundary conditions and accounting for heat flow in the melt. Following that, the average interfacial composition was converted to a variation of undercooling at the interface, and consequently to microstructural parameters. The results obtained show that thermotransport can, under certain circumstances, be a parameter of paramount importance

Ketamine and propofol: safe for short procedures

Background: Patients who attend the hospital for any form of operative procedure frequently undergo physical or mental pain and agitation. These patients are extremely anxious. It is important to choose the most appropriate form of anesthesia for induction for the analgesia or sedation. This study examined the safety and effectiveness of the Ketamine and Propofol combination technique for short procedures like D and C, MTP, evacuation and marsupilisation of Bartholin’s abscess.Methods: The present observational study was carried out in association with the Gynecology and Obstetrics department and Department of Anesthesiology of PDMMC and hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra, India over a period of 3 months from 1st January to 31st March 2019.Results: In present study, 28 (56%) patients were of 25-40 years age, 14 (28%) patients were of 41-50 years age while 8 (16%) patients were of 51-60 years age. 7 (14%) patients were underweight, 26 (52%) patients had normal BMI, 10 (20%) patients were overweight while 7 (14%) patients were obese. MAP before surgery was 100 ± 12, which decreased to 92±9.2 during operation and increased to 97±19.4 in the postoperative period. Heart rate and arterial SPO2 were not significantly different before, during, and after the operation. Mean VAS score for pain was 5.2±5.1 and the mean Ramsay’s score of sedation was 5.8 ± 0.01. 1 (2%) patient had apnea, 1 (2%) patient had skin reaction, 1 (2%) patient had cough, 1 (2%) patient had agitation while 2 (4%) patient had nausea and vomiting.Conclusions: Ketamine and Propofol combination technique can be recommended for use in the short procedures safely and effectively

Anesthetic complications in cesarean section

Background: Obstetric anesthetists need to face with the unique situation of providing anesthesia for caesarean sections, where they have to provide care for both the mother and the unborn baby. This study was performed in 100 women who underwent cesarean section, either elective or emergency to evaluate type of anesthesia, anesthetic complications and neonatal outcome.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 100 women with singleton pregnancy undergoing cesarean section in the department of Anesthesiology in collaboration with department of Obstetrics and gynecology at Dr PDMMC and Hospital, Amravati from January 2017 to March 2018. Detailed information regarding medical and obstetric history, intrapartum course, postpartum complications diagnosed before hospital discharge, and infant outcome were collected directly from maternal and infant charts. Other details like age of the patient, parity, type of cesarean section and type of anesthesia was noted. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores and type of anesthesia was noted.Results: In our study, spinal anesthesia was given in 62 (62%) patients, epidural anesthesia was given in 20 (20%) patients, combined spinal-epidural anesthesia was given in 10 (10%) patients while general anesthesia was given in 8 (8%) patients. Anesthetic complications were less. About 10 (10%) patients had spinal headache, 4 (4%) patients had failed regional anesthesia, 2 (2%) patients had failed intubation while 2 (2%) patients had high spinal anesthesia. Babies of 96 (96%) patients had Apgar score at 5 minutes of more than 7 and babies of 4 (4%) patients had Apgar score at 5 minutes of less than 7. Only babies of 2 (2%) patients required intubation for resuscitation.Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence that the guidelines recommending regional block over GA for most cesarean section. It is beneficial for neonates as well as for mothers

Developmental effects of three textile chemicals on locomotor activity, antioxidant markers and acetylcholine esterase activity in zebrafish

212-218Textile chemicals discharged into the water bodies cause huge impact on human health and environment. However, the adverse effects of textile chemicals during critical period of brain development are not explored. This study uses zebrafish to assess the developmental toxicity of three textile chemicals. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 PPM) of Naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA), Metanilic acid (MA) and Acid blue 113 (AB113) from 18 h post-fertilization (HPF) to 96 HPF, respectively. Several endpoints, such as mortality, morphological abnormalities and locomotor activity of embryos and larvae were studied. Biochemical detection of oxidative stress, glutathione and acetylcholine esterase was subsequently tested. The survival rate was decreased (LC (50): 1PPM) by NSA, MSA or AB113 and at > 5PPM a 90% mortality was observed respectively. Exposure to 1 PPM of NSA, MSA or AB113 significantly reduced the locomotor activity in an age dependent manner. However, no neurodegenerative phenotypes were noted. The glutathione and acetylcholine esterase activity (P <0.05) was decreased while malondialdehyde content was accumulated by NSA, MSA or AB113 treatment. The overall findings suggest that the selected textile dyes exposed during critical window development is able to produce oxidative stress and exert noticeable effects on locomotor activity in zebrafish embryos by altering acetylcholine esterase activity

Progressing gender equality in fisheries by building strategic partnerships with development organisations

Gender equality, a universal agreed principle and value, has been adopted widely but implemented to varying levels in different sectors. Our study was designed to contrast how development and fisheries sectors view and invest in gender, and then explore opportunities to strengthen collaborative relationships and networks between the two, with the aim of improving capacity for gender inclusion in practice in fisheries. We conducted key informant interviews with fisheries (n=68) and development (n=32) practitioners (including managers) in Fiji, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu between 2018 and 2019. We found three points of divergence between fisheries and development practitioners and/or their organisations when it comes to the inclusion of gender into their work: (1) fundamental differences in organisational motivations for working on gender ‒ (i.e., fisheries organisations viewed gender equality as a means to achieve fisheries objectives (instrumental), while development organisations viewed it as a core value or principle (inherent); (2) fisheries practitioners had comparatively little to no access to qualified gender focal points and training, and limited networks with gender experts; and (3) differences in what each considered successful versus failed approaches to gender integration. Our findings illustrate opportunities, as well as limitations or challenges (e.g. resistance and indifference), to transfer knowledge and capacity to integrate gender into fisheries policies and practice. We suggest using these divergences to ‘pivot change’ in the fisheries sector by building on decades of knowledge, learning and experience from the development sector focusing on four areas for strategic partnership: (1) shifting values; (2) gender mainstreaming; (3) adopting gender best practice; and (4) investing in gender networks and coalitions. We argue that fundamental to the success of such a partnership will be the ability and willingness of fisheries and development practitioners and their organisations to break down silos and work collaboratively towards gender equality in the fisheries sector

Evaluation of anaemia

Background: Often, the first test used to diagnose anemia is a complete blood count (CBC). It determines the number, size, volume, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells. Peripheral smear is done for typing of anaemia. Such evaluation is necessary for proper treatment.Methods: A retrospective study was done in 300 anaemic patients at Shakuntala pathology laboratory, Nagpur. Patients were randomly selected including males and females. CBC and peripheral smear were analyzed.Results: Out of total 300 patients evaluated, the prevalence of anaemia was quite significant in females 225 (75%) than males 75 (25%). 66 females (22%) had mild anemia while 129 females (43%) had moderate anemia and 30 females (10%) had severe anaemia 36 males (12%) had mild anaemia, 30 males (10%) had moderate anaemia while 9 males (3%) had severe anaemia. In morphology of red blood cells, normocytic normochromic anaemia was seen in 132 (44%) females and in 45 (15%) of males. Microcytic hypochromic anaemia was seen in 90 (30%) females and 27 (9%) males. Macrocytic anaemia was seen in 3 (1%) females and 3 (1%) males.Conclusions: Prevalence of anaemia is quite high in females than males. Also, the severity of anaemia is more in females than males. So, heath programmes should be directed more towards females since adolescent age

A Review Paper on Classification of Stem Cell Transplant to Identify the High Survival Rate

A patient undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant faces various risk factors and has become the standard of care for congenital or acquired disorders of the hematopoietic system or with chemo-sensitive, radiosensitive or immunosensitive malignancies. Analyzing and classifying the data from past transplant can enhance the understanding of the factors leading to highest survival rates among the patients. Over the last few decades there has been tremendous use of technology in this field. Stem cell transplant remains a dangerous procedure as it requires significant infrastructure and a network of specialists from all fields of medicine. In this paper, we are using a classification algorithm known as Support Vector Machine to classify the patients who have undergone stem cell transplant with high odds of survival. We are also keeping track of information about the donors within the family and outside the family which has a direct impact in the prioritization of resources. Classification of this information is useful to create the need for a global perspective for all cell, tissue, and organ transplants and to reveal statistical structure with potential implications in evidence-based prioritization of resources. Machine-learning techniques proved useful in analyzing the correct data from various datasets as this techniques were previously been considered too complex to analyze. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.16043

Hemodynamic response in laparoscopic cholecystectomy after magnesium sulphate versus clonidine administration

Background: Magnesium and clonidine both inhibit catecholamine and vasopressin release. They also attenuate hemodynamic response to pneumoperitoneum.Methods: This randomized double-blind study was designed to assess which agent attenuates hemodynamic stress response to pneumoperitoneum better in 70 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Results: After the administration of drug, heart rate in group M was mean 84.29 while in group C was mean 79.89. Thus, there was more fall in Heart rate in C group. After intubation, heart rate at 1min, 3 min, 5 min was 101.20, 96.69, 93.94 respectively in group M and in C group was 96.37, 85.83, 86.17 respectively with p values (0.12, 0.001, 0.008). After giving drug, there was fall in blood pressure in both groups but in C group, there was significant fall in systolic blood pressure. There was no significant difference in the mean diastolic BP in both the groups immediately at intubation (76.17±10.74 for group M and 78.86±10.48 for group C with p>0.05) as also at 3 min (63.29±8.76 for M group and 65.14±11.705 for clonidine with p>0.05) and 5 min (63.03±7.909 for magnesium sulphate and 67.69±13.588 for clonidine with p>0.05) following intubation. Thus, the rise in mean diastolic BP was statistically similar in both Group M and Group C. There was no significant difference in the mean for MAP in both the groups immediately at intubation (88.86±12.76 for magnesium sulphate and 91.74±11.59 for clonidine) as also at 3 min (73.17±10.019 for M and 75.80±12.849 for C group. But at 5 min (71.71±9.11 for magnesium sulphate and 77.66±13.715 for clonidine) following intubation with p<0.05 which is significant.Conclusions: Administration of magnesium sulfate or clonidine attenuates hemodynamic response to pneumoperitoneum. Although magnesium sulfate produces hemodynamic stability comparable to clonidine, clonidine blunts the hemodynamic response to pneumoperitoneum more effectively

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Problems and Risk Factors of Brick Kiln Female Workers

Not AvailableThirty women workers working in brick kiln were selected for the study. Musculoskeletal problems of the workers were identified by using the body map and intensity of pain was recorded by using five point scale (Ranjwan, 2000). The study indicated that musculoskeletal problems of women workers while performing brick carrying activity were very severe in case of neck (70%) and in shoulder (63.3%) and all female workers working in brick kiln faced risk factors i.e. brick fall on leg, burn to hand and eye injuries. Study indicated immediate and urgent need to develop safety measures for female brick kiln workers.Not Availabl