A Study on Non-Revenue Water in Intermittent and Continuous Water Service in Hubli City, India

The Cities in developing countries generally have high levels of non-revenue water (NRW), which requires high attention. In parts of Hubli-Dharwad in India, a study was conducted to assess NRW in one of the intermittent water service (IWS) pilot area and also in newly constructed continuous water service (CWS) demonstration zone. The study revealed that the NRW in IWS is as high as 37%, whereas in CWS, it is limited to about 15%. The outcome of this study will be helpful in CWS scaling up projects in India and developing countries. Keywords: Intermittent water service, Continuous water service, Non-revenue water, Physical losses, Commercial losse

Spatial Variation of Surface Water Quality of Vrishabhavathi Watershed Using GISÂ

Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. In Vrishabhavathi watershed Vrishabhavathi River is the main surface water source which is tributary of river Arkavathy, which joins the Cauvery River. It drains a major parts of Bangalore metropolis and is an outlet for domestic and industrial effluent of that area. Earlier this surface water is mainly used for agricultural purposes and drinking purposes. Since this watershed lies in Bangalore urban and Bangalore rural area, today this water is only used for agricultural purposes which are also not safe. In order to assess the surface water quality the present study has been undertaken to map the spatial variability of the surface water quality in the watershed using Geographical Information System. The water qualities of 24 stations were randomly selected in Vrishabhavathi watershed for the present study.GIS is an efficient tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water quality analysis. The spatial variation map for sensitive water quality parameters are generated and integrated using Arc GIS10.1. The final integrated map shows 3 priority classes such as Acceptable, Poor and Very poor water quality zones of the study area and provides a guideline for suitability of water for irrigation purpose

Customer Satisfaction with Domestic Water Supply in India – A Study in Hubli city

Severe water crisis prevailed in twin Cities of Hubli-Dharwad in South India for a long time. During the last ten years, there has been considerable improvement in the water service. While most parts of the city is having intermittent supply system, a pilot 24/7 water service was implemented in a Demonstration Zone through the World Bank assistance, and State Government of Karnataka. The 24x7 project covers about 12 % of the total population of the city.  The objective of this paper is to study the customer satisfaction in both intermittent and 24/7 water service areas in Hubli city.  Stratified sampling method was adopted for four groups namely, low, medium, high income and backward classes namely the Scheduled Cast/Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) groups.  The results of the study revealed that most customers in 24/7 demo zone were highly satisfied with water quality, continuity, quantity, and pressure; whereas there was slight dissatisfaction (12%) with regard to redressal of customer complaints. In contrast, there was considerable dissatisfaction with water quality, continuity and pressure in intermittent supply areas. There was universal opinion from both 24/7 demo zone and intermittent service areas supporting 24/7 water service scale up project in the city. Keywords: Intermittent Water Service, 24/7 Water Service, Customer Satisfactio

EFFECT OF OCHRATOXIN A AND CITRININ TOXINS ON CERTAIN MINERAL AND ELECTROLYTES LEVELS IN BROILER CHICKEN

ABSTRACT The present investigation deals with effect of ochratoxin A (OA), citrinin (CTN) and their combination on certain biochemical parameters in broiler chicken at weekly intervals. The broiler chickens were divided into four groups of 50 chicks each and fed with OA 1ppm, CTN 12.5 ppm and combination of OA+CTN (1 ppm OA + 12.5 ppm CTN) in feed up to 35 days of the experiment. The blood samples were collected from all the groups at weekly interval to study the effect of this toxin on various biochemical parameters. Biochemically, hypocalcaemia, hypophosphoremia, hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia were observed. Biochemical alterations were maximum in the combination group than the individual toxin treated group. The interaction of both the toxins was found to be additive

OCHRATOXIN A AND CITRININ INDUCED PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BROILER CHICKEN

ABSTRACT The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of feeding ochratoxin A and citrinin either alone or in combination in broiler chicken. Two hundred broiler chicks were divided into four groups of 50 chicks each with the following treatment viz. Control diet, (group I), OA 1 ppm, (group II), CTN 12.5 ppm (group III) and combination 1 ppm OA plus 12.5 ppm CTN (group IV) up to 35 days of the trial. The experimental and the control birds were sequentially sacrificed and examined at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 th day of the experiment. On post-mortem examination grossly, the toxin fed birds showed congestion, enlargement, pallor or yellowish discoloration of liver with distended gall bladder, swollen and congested kidneys. In addition, congestion of heart with prominent vasculature, pale, dehydrated and shrunken skeletal muscles, presence of small quantity of semisolid ingesta with slight mucous in crop and proventriculous, dry and shrunken gizzard, congested appearance of intestine with small quantity of mucous and congested pancreas was observed in all the toxin fed groups throughout the period of experimentation. Microscopically degenerative changes in hepatocytes, periportal fibrosis, periductular mononuclear cell infiltration, fatty degeneration, focal necrosis in the liver, degeneration and necrotic changes in the tubular epithelial cells in kidneys, myocardial degeneration, hyaline degeneration of muscle, mucosal hyperplasia of crop, proventriculitis, ventriculitis, catarrhal enteritis, pancreatitis, lymphoid depletion in the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus were the prominent lesions observed when both the toxins were fed to birds from second to fifth week of age. Severity of these lesions was found to be enhanced and suggested the additive or synergistic effect of these toxins in the broiler chicken