Uncovering some causal relationships between productivity growth and the structure of economic fluctuations: a tentative survey

This paper discusses recent theoretical and empirical work on the interactions between growth and business cycles. One may distinguish two very different types of approaches to the problem of the influence of macroeconomic fluctuations on long-run growth. In the first type of approach, which relies on learning by doing mechanisms or aggregate demand externalities, productivity growth and direct production activities are complements. An expansion therefore has a positive long-run effect on total factor productivity. In the second type of approach, hereafter labeled 'opportunity cost or 'learning-by-doing', productivity growth and production activities are substitutes. The opportunity cost of some productivity improving activities falls in a recession, which has a long-run positive impact on output. This does not mean, however, that recessions should on average last longer or be more frequent, since the expectation of future recessions reduces today's incentives for productivity growth. We also briefly discuss some empirical work which is mildly supportive of the opportunity cost approach, while showing that it can be reconciled with the observed pro-cyclical behavior of measured total factor productivity. We also describe some theoretical work on the effects of growth on business cycles

Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: an update

The temporal link between mass extinctions and large igneous provinces is well known. Here, we examine this link by focusing on the potential climatic effects of large igneous province eruptions during several extinction crises that show the best correlation with mass volcanism: the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian), Capitanian (Middle Permian), end-Permian, end-Triassic, and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinctions. It is clear that there is no direct correlation between total volume of lava and extinction magnitude because there is always sufficient recovery time between individual eruptions to negate any cumulative effect of successive flood basalt eruptions. Instead, the environmental and climatic damage must be attributed to single-pulse gas effusions. It is notable that the best-constrained examples of death-by-volcanism record the main extinction pulse at the onset of (often explosive) volcanism (e.g., the Capitanian, end-Permian, and end-Triassic examples), suggesting that the rapid injection of vast quantities of volcanic gas (CO 2 and SO 2 ) is the trigger for a truly major biotic catastrophe. Warming and marine anoxia feature in many extinction scenarios, indicating that the ability of a large igneous province to induce these proximal killers (from CO 2 emissions and thermogenic greenhouse gases) is the single most important factor governing its lethality. Intriguingly, many voluminous large igneous province eruptions, especially those of the Cretaceous oceanic plateaus, are not associated with significant extinction losses. This suggests that the link between the two phenomena may be controlled by a range of factors, including continental configuration, the latitude, volume, rate, and duration of eruption, its style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the preexisting climate state, and the resilience of the extant biota to change

First CO J=6-5, 4-3 detections in local ULIRGs: the dense gas in Mrk231, and its colling budget

We report on detections of the high-excitation CO J=6-5, J=4-3 lines in Mrk231, a prototypical Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxy (ULIRG) and Seyfert 1 QSO. These observations are combined with CO J=3-2, HCN J=4-3 (this work), and CO J=2-1, J=1-0, 13CO J=2-1, HCN J=1-0 measurements taken from the literature to provide better constraints on the properties of the molecular gas in an extreme starburst/QSO in the local Universe. We find that the CO J=4-3 and J=6-5 transitions trace a different gas phase from that dominating the lower three CO transitions, with n(H_2) ~ (1-3)x10^4 cm-3 and Tk ~ (40-70) K. This phase is responsible for the luminous HCN emission, and contains most of the H2 gas mass of this galaxy. The total CO line cooling emanating from this dense phase is found similar to that of the [CII] line at 158 micron, suggesting a very different thermal balance to that seen in lower IR-luminosity galaxies, and one likely dominated by dense photon-dominated regions. Our dense "sampling" of the CO rotational ladder and the HCN lines enables us to produce well-constrained Spectral Line Energy Distributions (SLEDs) for the dense molecular gas in Mrk231 and compare them to those of high redshift starbursts, many of which have SLEDs that may be affected by strong lensing. Finally, we use our local molecular line excitation template to assess the capabilities of future cm and mm/sub-mm arrays in detecting CO and HCN transitions in similar systems throughout the local and distant universe.Comment: accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal; 37 pages, preprint format; 5 figures (2 in color

Estimating European volatile organic compound emissions using satellite observations of formaldehyde from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument

Emission of non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere stems from biogenic and human activities, and their estimation is difficult because of the many and not fully understood processes involved. In order to narrow down the uncertainty related to VOC emissions, which negatively reflects on our ability to simulate the atmospheric composition, we exploit satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO), an ubiquitous oxidation product of most VOCs, focusing on Europe. HCHO column observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) reveal a marked seasonal cycle with a summer maximum and winter minimum. In summer, the oxidation of methane and other long-lived VOCs supply a slowly varying background HCHO column, while HCHO variability is dominated by most reactive VOC, primarily biogenic isoprene followed in importance by biogenic terpenes and anthropogenic VOCs. The chemistry-transport model CHIMERE qualitatively reproduces the temporal and spatial features of the observed HCHO column, but display regional biases which are attributed mainly to incorrect biogenic VOC emissions, calculated with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosol from Nature (MEGAN) algorithm. These "bottom-up" or a-priori emissions are corrected through a Bayesian inversion of the OMI HCHO observations. Resulting "top-down" or a-posteriori isoprene emissions are lower than "bottom-up" by 40% over the Balkans and by 20% over Southern Germany, and higher by 20% over Iberian Peninsula, Greece and Italy. We conclude that OMI satellite observations of HCHO can provide a quantitative "top-down" constraint on the European "bottom-up" VOC inventories

Interaction of Nucleosides and Related Compounds with Nucleic Acids as Indicated by the Change of Helix-Coil Transition Temperature

A series of compounds has been tested for effectiveness in lowering the melting temperature of poly A and of thymus DNA. The order of increasing activity was found to be: adonitol, methyl riboside (both negligible) < cyclohexanol < phenol, pyrimidine, uridine < cytidine, thymidine < purine, adenosine, inosine, deoxyguanosine < caffeine, coumarin, 2,6-dichloro-7-methylpurine. Urea was ineffective with poly A and only slightly effective with DNA. At a concentration of 0.3 M, purine lowered the Tm of DNA about 9°

Self-diffusion of Rod-like Viruses Through Smectic Layer

We report the direct visualization at the scale of single particles of mass transport between smectic layers, also called permeation, in a suspension of rod-like viruses. Self-diffusion takes place preferentially in the direction normal to the smectic layers, and occurs by quasi-quantized steps of one rod length. The diffusion rate corresponds with the rate calculated from the diffusion in the nematic state with a lamellar periodic ordering potential that is obtained experimentally.Comment: latex, 4 pages, 4 figures, accepted in Phys. Rev. Let

New challenges for public debt in advanced economies Summary of the conference held in Strasbourg on 16-17 September 2010.

On 16-17 September 2010, the Banque de France’s Directorate General Economics and International Relations and the Bureau d’économie théorique et appliquée (BETA) of Strasbourg University jointly hosted a conference on the topic “New challenges for public debt in advanced economies” that brought together 70 economists from French and foreign universities, ESCB and other central banks, and European and international institutions.public debt, governance, financial markets, fiscal policy.

The refractive index and wave vector in passive or active media

Materials that exhibit loss or gain have a complex valued refractive index $n$. Nevertheless, when considering the propagation of optical pulses, using a complex $n$ is generally inconvenient -- hence the standard choice of real-valued refractive index, i.e. n_s = \RealPart (\sqrt{n^2}). However, an analysis of pulse propagation based on the second order wave equation shows that use of $n_s$ results in a wave vector \emph{different} to that actually exhibited by the propagating pulse. In contrast, an alternative definition n_c = \sqrt{\RealPart (n^2)}, always correctly provides the wave vector of the pulse. Although for small loss the difference between the two is negligible, in other cases it is significant; it follows that phase and group velocities are also altered. This result has implications for the description of pulse propagation in near resonant situations, such as those typical of metamaterials with negative (or otherwise exotic) refractive indices.Comment: Phys. Rev. A, to appear (2009

Fast C-V method to mitigate effects of deep levels in CIGS doping profiles

In this work, methods to determine more accurate doping profiles in semiconductors is explored where trap-induced artifacts such as hysteresis and doping artifacts are observed. Specifically in CIGS, it is shown that this fast capacitance-voltage (C-V) approach presented here allows for accurate doping profile measurement even at room temperature, which is typically not possible due to the large ratio of trap concentration to doping. Using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurement, the deep trap responsible for the abnormal C-V measurement above 200 K is identified. Importantly, this fast C-V can be used for fast evaluation on the production line to monitor the true doping concentration, and even estimate the trap concentration. Additionally, the influence of high conductance on the apparent doping profile at different temperature is investigated