Local Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Increases in the Microcirculation during Leukocytes-Endothelial Cell Interactions

Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and leukocyte activation are important factors for vascular diseases including nephropathy, retinopathy and angiopathy. In addition, endothelial cell dysfunction is reported in vascular disease condition. Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by increased superoxide (O2•−) production from endothelium and reduction in NO bioavailability. Experimental studies have suggested a possible role for leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in the vessel NO and peroxynitrite levels and their role in vascular disorders in the arterial side of microcirculation. However, anti-adhesion therapies for preventing leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction related vascular disorders showed limited success. The endothelial dysfunction related changes in vessel NO and peroxynitrite levels, leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction and leukocyte activation are not completely understood in vascular disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of endothelial dysfunction extent, leukocyte-endothelial interaction, leukocyte activation and superoxide dismutase therapy on the transport and interactions of NO, O2•− and peroxynitrite in the microcirculation. We developed a biotransport model of NO, O2•− and peroxynitrite in the arteriolar microcirculation and incorporated leukocytes-endothelial cell interactions. The concentration profiles of NO, O2•− and peroxynitrite within blood vessel and leukocytes are presented at multiple levels of endothelial oxidative stress with leukocyte activation and increased superoxide dismutase accounted for in certain cases. The results showed that the maximum concentrations of NO decreased ∼0.6 fold, O2•− increased ∼27 fold and peroxynitrite increased ∼30 fold in the endothelial and smooth muscle region in severe oxidative stress condition as compared to that of normal physiologic conditions. The results show that the onset of endothelial oxidative stress can cause an increase in O2•− and peroxynitrite concentration in the lumen. The increased O2•− and peroxynitrite can cause leukocytes priming through peroxynitrite and leukocytes activation through secondary stimuli of O2•− in bloodstream without endothelial interaction. This finding supports that leukocyte rolling/adhesion and activation are independent events

In-Silico Analysis & In-Vivo Re-sults Concur on Glutathione Depletion in Glyphosate Resistant GMO Soy, Advancing a Systems Biology Framework for Safety Assessment of GMOs

Abstract This study advances previous efforts towards development of computational systems biology, in silico, methods for biosafety assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). C1 metabolism is a critical molecular system in plants, fungi, and bacteria. In our previous research, critical molecular systems of C1 metabolism were identified and modeled using CytoSolve ® , a platform for in silico analysis. In addition, multiple exogenous molecular systems affecting C1 metabolism such as oxidative stress, shikimic acid metabolism, glutathione biosynthesis, etc. were identified. Subsequent research expanded the C1 metabolism computational models to integrate oxidative stress, suggesting glutathione (GSH) depletion. Recent integration of data from the EPSPS genetic modification of Soy, also known as Roundup Ready Soy (RRS), with C1 metabolism predicts similar GSH depletion and HCHO accumulation in RRS. The research herein incorporates molecular systems of glutathione biosynthesis and glyphosate catabolism to expand the extant in silico models of C1 metabolism. The in silico results predict that Organic Soy will have a nearly 250% greater ratio of GSH and GSSG, a measure of glutathione levels, than in RRS that are glyphosate-treated glyphosate-resistant Soy versus the Organic Soy. These predictions also concur with in vivo greenhouse results. This concurrence suggests that these in silico models of C1 metabolism may provide a viable and validated platform for biosafety assessment of GMOs, and aid in selecting rational criteria for informing in vitro and in vivo efforts to more accurately decide in the problem formulation * Corresponding author. V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai et al. 1572 phase whose parameters need to be assessed so that conclusion on "substantial equivalence" or material difference of a GMO and its non-GMO counterpart can be drawn on a well-grounded basis

Asymmetric supercapacitor based on nanostructured Ce-doped NiO (Ce:NiO) as positive and reduced graphene Oxide (rGO) as negative electrode

Asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated successfully using cerium (Ce) doped NiO as positive electrode and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as negative electrode in aqueous KOH electrolyte. Initially, Ce doped nickel oxide nanostructures were synthesized by simple Sol‐Gel method. To investigate the effect of Ce doping in nickel oxide, different molar percentages of cerium with respect to nickel were incorporated. Among the different compositions, 1%Ce:NiO exhibits high specific capacitance and excellent electrochemical activities. Further, asymmetric supercapacitor based on 1%Ce:NiO and rGO was fabricated which could be cycled reversibly in the high‐voltage range of 0 to 1.4 V and displays intriguing performances with a specific capacitance of 110 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s with a maximum energy density of 26.27 Wh/kg (based on the total mass of active materials, 0.78 mg). Importantly, this asymmetric device exhibits an excellent electrochemical stability of 91.6 % over 1000 cycles.Swati R. Gawali, Deepak P. Dubal, Virendrakumar G. Deonikar, Santosh S. Patil, Seema D. Patil, Pedro Gomez‐Romero, Deepak R. Patil, Jayashree Pan

Fern-like rGO/BiVO(4) hybrid nanostructures for high-energy symmetric supercapacitor

Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of rGO/BiVO₄ hybrid nanostructures by facile hydrothermal method. Morphological studies reveal that rGO sheets are embedded in the special dendritic fern-like structures of BiVO₄. The rGO/BiVO₄ hybrid architecture shows the way to a rational design of supercapacitor, since these structures enable easy access of electrolyte ions by reducing internal resistance. Considering the unique morphological features of rGO/BiVO₄ hybrid nanostructures, their supercapacitive properties were investigated. The rGO/BiVO₄ electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 151 F/g at the current density of 0.15 mA/cm². Furthermore, we have constructed rGO/BiVO₄ symmetric cell which exhibits outstanding volumetric energy density of 1.6 mW h/cm³ (33.7 W h/kg) and ensures rapid energy delivery with power density of 391 mW/cm³ (8.0 kW/kg). The superior properties of symmetric supercapacitor can be attributed to the special dendritic fern-like BiVO₄ morphology and intriguing physicochemical properties of rGO.Santosh S. Patil, Deepak P. Dubal, Virendrakumar G. Deonikar, Mohaseen S. Tamboli, Jalindar D. Ambekar, Pedro Gomez-Romero, Sanjay S. Kolekar, Bharat B. Kale, and Deepak R. Pati

Discovery of Key Molecular Pathways of C1 Metabolism and Formalde-hyde Detoxification in Maize through a

Abstract Computational systems biology approaches provide insights to understand complex molecular phenomena in living systems. Such understanding demands the need to systematically interrogate and review existing literature to refine and distil key molecular pathways. This paper explores a methodological process to identify key molecular pathways from systematic bioinformatics literature review. This process is used to identify molecular pathways for a ubiquitous molecular process in all plant biological systems: C1 metabolism and formaldehyde detoxification, specific to maize. The C1 metabolism is essential for all organisms to provide one-carbon units for methylation and other types of modifications, as well as for nucleic acid, amino acid, and other biomolecule syntheses. Formaldehyde is a toxic one-carbon molecule which is produced endogenously and found in the environment, and whose detoxification is an important part of C1 metabolism. This systematic review involves a five-part process: 1) framing of the research question; 2) literature collection based on a parallel search strategy; 3) relevant study selection based on search refinement; 4) molecular pathway identification; and 5) integration of key molecular pathway mechanisms to yield a well-defined set molecular systems associated with a particular biochemical function. Findings from this systematic review produced three main molecular systems: a) methionine biosynthesis; b) the methylation cycle; and c) formaldehyde detoxification. Specific insights from the resulting molecular pathways indicate that normal C1 metabolism involves the transfer of a * Corresponding author. P. Deonikar et al. 572 carbon group from serine through a folate-mediated pathway to methionine, and eventually the methylation of a biomolecule. In photosynthetic tissues, C1 metabolism often proceeds in reverse towards serine biosynthesis and formate oxidation. C1 metabolism, in maize, appears to be present in the developing embryo and endosperm indicating that these cells are vulnerable to perturbations in formaldehyde detoxification. These insights demonstrate the value of a systematic bioinformatics literature review process from a broad spectrum of domain literature to specific and relevant molecular pathways

Mimics of microstructures of Ni substituted Mn1−xNixCo2O4 for high energy density asymmetric capacitors

The preparation of nanostructured hierarchical MnNiCoO metal oxides as efficient supercapacitors of different structures and configurations especially for the miniaturized electronics is still a challenge. In this context, we report template free facile hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical nanostructured MnNiCoO with excellent supercapacitive performance. Significantly, the morphology of pure MnCoO transformed from 3D microcubes to 1D nanowires with incorporation of Ni. The electrochemical study shows highest specific capacitance i.e. 1762 F/g for MnNiCoO with high cycling stability of 89.2% which is much higher than pristine MnCoO and NiCoO. Later, asymmetric capacitor has been fabricated successfully using MnNiCoO nanowires as positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode in a KOH aqueous electrolyte. An asymmetric cell could be cycled reversibly in the high-voltage range of 0-1.5 V and displays intriguing performances with a specific capacitance of 112.8 F/g (6.87 F/cm) and high energy density of 35.2 Wh/kg (2.1 mWh/cm). Importantly, this asymmetric capacitor device exhibits an excellent long cycle life along with 83.2% specific capacitance retained after 2000 cycles

Fern-like rGO/BiVO₄ Hybrid Nanostructures for High-Energy Symmetric Supercapacitor

Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of rGO/BiVO₄ hybrid nanostructures by facile hydrothermal method. Morphological studies reveal that rGO sheets are embedded in the special dendritic fern-like structures of BiVO₄. The rGO/BiVO₄ hybrid architecture shows the way to a rational design of supercapacitor, since these structures enable easy access of electrolyte ions by reducing internal resistance. Considering the unique morphological features of rGO/BiVO₄ hybrid nanostructures, their supercapacitive properties were investigated. The rGO/BiVO₄ electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 151 F/g at the current density of 0.15 mA/cm². Furthermore, we have constructed rGO/BiVO₄ symmetric cell which exhibits outstanding volumetric energy density of 1.6 mW h/cm³ (33.7 W h/kg) and ensures rapid energy delivery with power density of 391 mW/cm³ (8.0 kW/kg). The superior properties of symmetric supercapacitor can be attributed to the special dendritic fern-like BiVO₄ morphology and intriguing physicochemical properties of rGO