Problem Solving

It is the process of working through details of problem to reach a solution. Problem solving may include mathematical or systematic operations and can be a gauge of an individual's critical thinking skill. Problem solving refers to a state of desire for reaching a definite 'goal' from a present condition either is not directly moving toward the goal, or needs more complex logic for finding a missing description of conditions or steps toward the goal

A Comparative study on the Fasting and Post Prandial Lipid Levels as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).Excess abdominal fat ,assessed by measurement of waist to hip ratio, is independently associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease. The high cardiovascular mortality which is associated with Type 2 DM is due to a prolonged, exaggerated, postprandial state. The abnormal lipid profile in the postprandial state is more significant than the abnormal lipid profile in the fasting state in causing atherosclerotic complications in Type 2 diabetes. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the fasting and post prandial lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2. To assess the significance of post prandial dyslipidemia with respect to fasting dyslipidemia as cardiovascular risk factor in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 100 patients from General Medicine ward and Diabetology OPD of Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, and 100 age and sex matched healthy subjects as controls during the period of March 2016 To August 2016. Subjects believed to fulfill all eligibility criteria ,and none of the exclusion criteria were included in the study. METHODOLOGY: A predesigned proforma was used to collect the demographic and clinical details of the patients and the controls. By Clinical examination abdominal obesity was measured by waist hip ratio WHR>.90 in men and WHR>.80 in women were taken as having significant cardiovascular risk. Laboratory investigations fasting Blood Sugar, 2hr Post Prandial Blood sugar, fasting lipid profile and 6 hr post prandial were done. Comparison of various parameters were done and significance assessed by Student t test. One way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation and Chi square test and P value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS: Among the 100 cases of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus,by taking value of WHR 0.90 for males and 0.8 for females, the cardiovascular risk was assessed. 96 had cardiovascular risk (50 male, 46 females). By comparing with the standard reference values of the lipid profile out of the 100 diabetic subjects 53 had fasting dyslipidemia (29 males, 24 females) and 64 had post prandial dyslipidemia (23 males, 41 females). We observed a significant increase in both fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels in the Type 2 Diabetic subjects, as compared to those of their respective controls. Also, the postprandial blood glucose level was significantly increased as compared to that in the fasting state in the Type 2 Diabetic subjects. But the HDL-cholesterol level was not significantly decreased in fasting as well as postprandial state in the Type 2 DM patients as compared to that of control subjectsin our study. CONCLUSION: Persistent postprandial hypertriglyceridemia may result in a proatherogenic environment leading to atherosclerosis and macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes subjects 21. LDL oxidation in the postprandial state seems to be affected by an acute increase in glycemia. Thus, oxidative modification of LDL may contribute to higher CVD risk among diabetic patients, and elevated levels of TG may contribute to the rapid LDL oxidation seen in Type 2 DM. Hence, it is important and beneficial to estimate the postprandial lipid profile, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, in the cardiovascular risk assessment in the patients with Type 2 DM

Sum of Squares of ‘n’ Consecutive Carol Numbers

 تعطينا مناقشة مجموع مربعات أعداد كارول المتتالية عدة نظريات في هذه الورقة. لإثبات هذه النظريات نستخدم تعريف أرقام كارول وطريقة الاستقراء. هنا يتم أيضا إعطاء شكل المصفوفة والشكل العودي لمجموع مربعات أرقام كارول المتتالية. يتم اشتقاق خصائص أرقام كارول.The discussion in this paper gives several theorems and lemmas on the Sums of Squares of  consecutive Carol Numbers. These theorems are proved by using the definition of carol numbers and mathematical induction method. Here the matrix form and the recursive form of sum of squares of  consecutive Carol numbers is also given. The properties of the Carol numbers are also derived

Heat and mass transfer analysis of casson fluid flow on a permeable riga-plate

79-86Numerical analysis has been carried out for a casson fluid flow on a riga-plate with temperature dependent thermal conductivity. The physical model which governs the transport properties is solved numerically. This investigation emphasizes the consequence of variable thermal conductivity and electrically conducting magnetic field on the fluid flow. Rate of heat transfer is elevated, while the flow exposed to constructive case of variable thermal conductivity. The flow speed is enhanced for the improved values of modified Hartmann number. Correlation of the results with the similarity solutions declares the accuracy

Micromorphological variations of trichomes in the genus Ocimum L.

Ocimum L. is an attractive fragrant ornamental plant with medicinal aromatic compounds. The study using digital microscopy revealed the distinct epidermal trichome morphology in five species of Ocimum including O. americanum L., O. basilicum L., O. gratissimum L., O. kilimandscharicum Gurke and O. tenuiflorum L. A distinguished variation in size, shape, type and abundance of trichomes on leaves and stem of all species are described and photographed. Both glandular and non-glandular trichomes scrutinized in all the species in which glandular type comprised capitate and peltate trichomes. On the stem, the longest glandular capitate trichome (GCT) and non-glandular trichome (NGT) were observed in O. tenuiflorum while O. basilicum possessed longest glandular peltate trichome (GPT). In case of foliar trichomes, the longest GCT observed on leaves of O. americanum; and O. basilicum showed the longest GPT and NGT. In the species, the septate or aseptate NGT possessed uni, bi or multicellular base with acute or broad apex. A distinguished variation in the number of cells in stalk and head of GT was observed in the study. Presence of silica bodies in peltate trichome of O. kilimandscharicum was noticed as the characteristic feature. Among the five species, the trichomes were abundant in O. kilimandscharicum; while O. basilicum showed sparse distribution. Trichomes with disrupted cells were also noted in O. americanum. Due to the presence of specific trichome characteristics, the efficient taxonomic key is prepared to identify the taxa at species level

ADMISSION TEST, AMNIOTIC FLUID INDEX, AND COLOR OF LIQUOR IN TERM PREGNANCIES IN ACTIVE LABOR AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH LABOR AND PERINATAL OUTCOME

Objective: The aim of the study was to study the admission non-stress test, amniotic fluid index, and color of liquor at term gestation in active labor in all primi gravida and multi gravida irrespective of their medical condition. Methods: An observational study was done from January 2015 to August 2016 on 200 pregnant women who were admitted for labor and delivery. A detailed examination was done and non-stress test, amniotic fluid index (AFI), and color of liquor were studied in active labor. Details of the mode of delivery and condition of the mother and the neonate were assessed at the end of each delivery. Results: The sensitivity of studying all the three parameters is 100% and specificity is 91.91%. The positive predictive value is 85.33%, negative predictive value is 100%, and accuracy is 94.58% with significant p value of &lt;0.001. Conclusion: From this study, we can conclude that studying all the three parameters, that is, admission test, AFI, and color of liquor in term pregnancies is a reliable method to assess perinatal outcome

Opportunities of E - Learning Adapting Mobile and Cloud Computing Techniques

This study mainly focused on the application of cloud computing and mobile computing in the E-learning environment. The popularity of learning of the internet, the construction of perfect web-based learning environment has become one of the hot points on researching remote education. Cloud computing is growing rapidly, with applications in almost any area, including education. E-Learning systems usually require many hardware and software resources. There are many education institutions that cannot afford such investments, and cloud computing is the best solution. This paper presents the benefits of E-Learning based on mobile computing and learning with mobile application using cloud environment and the benefits in several sectors, especially in the area of learning. The performance and features are evaluated that can expect from the use of cloud based application on a mobile device, and the effects it will have on the device that runs