Traditions and innovations: versatility of copper and tin bronze making recipes in Iron Age Emporion (L’Escala, Spain)

Funder: Institute for Archaeometallurgical StudiesAbstractEstablished around 575 BC, Emporion was a Greek colonial enclave in north-east Iberia and hence constitutes a good context to study Mediterranean innovations and their adaptation with indigenous technologies. Here, we present an analytical study of the archaeometallurgical assemblage from a workshop context dated to the first occupational moment of Emporion’s Neapolis (second half of the sixth century BC), including slag and technical ceramics. We aimed at reverse engineering the copper and tin bronze metallurgical technologies at the site. The results allow the identification of copper smelting and melting, and a variety of bronze alloying techniques, together with iron smelting and forging. The use of Fe-rich copper ores with BaO, ZnO and PbO impurities is consistent with the exploitation of local sources, preceding the diversification of raw materials documented for later phases. The co-occurrence of co-smelting, cementation and co-melting as bronze making technologies is discussed with reference to parameters of efficiency and cost-effectiveness and contextualised in the broader colonial interaction, providing pointers for future comparative work and discussion. The early use of metallic tin for bronze production at the site supports a Mediterranean origin for this innovation in Iberia.</jats:p

Behind the steps of ancient sheep mobility in Iberia: new insights from a geometric morphometric approach

International audienceIn Western Europe, the transition from the middle Iron Age to theearly Roman period implied changesin livestock practices, withthe emergence of a specialized and selective animal husbandry. These changes have been related in Italy and south of France withchanges in livestock management involving their mobility between ecologically complementary areas. The study of this question inthe Iberian Peninsula has only been partiallyinvestigated through palaeoenvironmental analyses, and the information about theorigin and significance of this phenomenon is very scarce. To shed new light on this topic we used an archaeozoological approach,with the application of geometric morphometrics. They were used to study size and shape variability in sheep astragali from 9 sitesdating from the middle Iron Age to the early Roman period (5th c. BC–3rd c. AD) and located on the Pyrenees and on the north-eastern Iberian coast as a case study. The results we obtained, combined with Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) and kill-offpatterns, showed local specificities in terms of breeding methodsand sheep morphologies between the two areas during the middleIron Age. On the contrary, sheep with similar size and the implementation and development of similar sheep husbandry practices inthe Pyrenees and the north-eastern Iberian coast were documented during the early Roman period. These results suggest theexistence of livestock links between these two areas during the Roman period, that could be involved a possible movement ofsheep between the lowlands and the Pyrenees for the first tim

Frequency Domain Electromagnetic mapping for delineating subsurface structures related to the historical port of Emporiae

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the application of geophysical methods to reconstruct the palaeo-landscapes of sites of special historical interest in support of the planning of archaeological researches. Given the extent of the surface to be investigated, electromagnetic methods have proven to be very suitable for their speed, resolution and versatility for this objective. In particular, coastal areas of the Mediterranean have undergone significant changes in the position of the coastline, because of changes in sea level and sediment inputs that have covered natural harbours used for the establishing colonies. In this paper, we present the results of a geophysical survey conducted using frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) method carried out to get the geometry of a coastal area near to Emporiae (NE, Spain), which was supposed to form a natural port that was used by Greeks and Romans for its first colonial settlements on the Iberian Peninsula. The results obtained from a dense network of apparent conductivity measurements, supported punctually by other geophysical data (VES and ERT) and boreholes, has allowed us to define the geometry of the basin and confirm the hypotheses of the existence of harbour buried under the coastal and alluvial sediments in the bay close to the remains from Greek and Roman times

Quality assessment of the land administration system in Pakistan

Performance issues of land administration systems, specifically the quality aspects, have been getting more attention over the last few years. Different assessment attempts have been carried out at international level, across different land administration systems in the world, to evaluate the performance of land administration systems by comparing different aspects of these systems. In all these evaluations, prime attention is given to only those measuring parameters which are common to all these systems. In some cases, legal and technical parameters are considered while the institutional and organisational parameters receive more attention in others. There have been a few efforts to standardise the procedures for assessing the performance of land administration systems at international level but there is no internationally accepted or standardised method to assess the quality of a standalone land administration system (LAS) within a country's environment. To be able to assess the quality of a standalone LAS, this paper develops a conceptual and methodological framework for carrying out in-depth analysis of the system. This research identifies those elements, indicators and variables that are required for assessing the quality of a standalone LAS. In order to identify such elements, indicators and variables to be included in the framework, a theoretical background is first discussed. A quality assessment framework and the methodological approach for assessing the quality of LASs are then developed. The approach is finally applied to assess the quality situation of the LAS in Pakistan by using the quality assessment framework via an explanatory case-study approac