An Introduction to the Source Concept for Antennas

Antenna parameters particularly relevant to electrically small antenna design are reviewed in this paper. Source current definitions are accentuated leading to the introduction of the source concept which advantageously utilize only spatially bounded quantities. The framework of the source concept incorporates powerful techniques such as structural and modal decomposition, operator’s inversion and current optimization, thus opening new, challenging possibilities for antenna design, analysis and synthesis

On apparent breaking the second law of thermodynamics in quantum transport studies

We consider a model for stationary electronic transport through a one-dimensional chain of two leads attached to a perturbed central region (quantum dot) in the regime where the theory proposed recently by Capek for a similar model of phonon transport predicts the striking phenomenon of a permanent current between the leads. This result based on a rigorous but asymptotic Davies theory is at variance with the zero current yielded by direct transport calculations which can be carried out in the present model. We find the permanent current to be within the error of the asymptotic expansion for finite couplings, and identify cancelling terms of the same order.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Growth and Anatomical Parameters of Adventitious Roots Formed on Mung Bean Hypocotyls Are Correlated with Galactoglucomannan Oligosaccharides Structure

The effect of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) compared with chemically modified oligosaccharides, GGMOs-g (with reduced number of D-galactose side chains) and GGMOs-r (with reduced reducing ends) on mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) adventitious roots formation, elongation, and anatomical structure have been studied. All types of oligosaccharides influenced adventitious root formation in the same way: stimulation in the absence of exogenous auxin and inhibition in the presence of exogenous auxin. Both reactions are probably related with the presence/content of endogenous auxin in plant cuttings. However, the adventitious root length was inhibited by GGMOs both in the absence as well as in the presence of auxin (IBA or NAA), while GGMOs-g inhibition was significantly weaker compared with GGMOs. GGMOs-r were without significant difference on both processes, compared with GGMOs. GGMOs affected not only the adventitious root length but also their anatomy in dependence on the combination with certain type of auxin. The oligosaccharides influenced cortical cells division, which was reflected in the cortex area and in the root diameter. All processes followed were dependent on oligosaccharides chemical structure. The results suggest also that GGM-derived oligosaccharides may play an important role in adventitious roots elongation but not in their formation

The extracellular proteoglycan produced by Rhodella grisea

International audienceHighly viscous extracellular proteoglycan (EPG) has been isolated from culture medium of the unicellular red alga Rhodella grisea (Rhodophyceae) by ethanol precipitation. EPG was composed of xylose (29.3%), 3-O-methyl-xylose (26.0%), uronic acids (17.1%), rhamnose (14.4%), galactose (7.5%), glucose (3.9%), arabinose (1.4%) and mannose (0.4%), and traces of fucose, 4-O-methyl-xylose and 2,3-di-O-methyl-rhamnose or fucose. In addition, the polymer contained proteins (13.1%), sulphates and 13C-CP MAS spectra indicated the presence of acetyl and succinyl groups. The molecular mass was estimated to be 136,000. Ion-exchange chromatography afforded five fractions differing in composition of neutral sugars, uronic acids, and protein content indicating thus the complex structure of the EP

High current CW beam profile monitors using transisiton radiation at CEBAF

One way of measuring the profile of CEBAF`s low emittance and high power beam is to use the Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) emitted from a thin foil surface when the electron beam passes through it. We present the design of a monitor using the forward OTR emitted from a 0.25 {mu}m carbon foil. We believe that the monitor will resolve three main issues: (i) whether the max temperature of the foil stays below the melting point, (ii) whether the beam loss remains below 0. 5%, in order not to trigger the machine protection system, and (iii) whether the monitor resolution (unlike that of synchrotron radiation monitors) is better than the product {lambda}{gamma}. It seems that the most serious limitation for CEBAF is the beam loss due to beam scattering. We present results from Keil`s theory and simulations from the computer code GEANT as well as measurements with Al foils with a 45 MeV electron beam. We also present a measurement of a 3.2 GeV beam profile that is much smaller than {lambda}{gamma}, supporting Rule & Fiorito`s calculations of the OTR resolution limit due to diffraction

High power beam profile monitor with optical transition radiation

A simple monitor has been built to measure the profile of the high power beam (800 kW) delivered by the CEBAF accelerator at Jefferson Lab. The monitor uses the optical part of the forward transition radiation emitted from a thin carbon foil. The small beam size to be measured, about 100 {mu}m, is challenging not only for the power density involved but also for the resolution the instrument must achieve. An important part of the beam instrumentation community believes the radiation being emitted into a cone of characteristic angle 1/{gamma} is originated from a region of transverse dimension roughly {lambda}{gamma}; thus the apparent size of the source of transition radiation would become very large for highly relativistic particles. This monitor measures 100 {mu}m beam sizes that are much smaller than the 3.2 mm {lambda}{gamma} limit; it confirms the statement of Rule and Fiorito that optical transition radiation can be used to image small beams at high energy. The present paper describes the instrument and its performance. The authors tested the foil in, up to 180 {mu}A of CW beam without causing noticeable beam loss, even at 800 MeV, the lowest CEBAF energy