48 research outputs found
Queen Elizabeth’s Leadership Abroad: The Netherlands in the 1570s
In 1576, after Edmund Grindal, archbishop of Canterbury, presumed to lecture Queen Elizabeth on the importance of preaching and on her duty to listen to such lectures, his influence diminished precipitously, and leadership of the established English church fell to Bishop Aylmer. Grindal’s friends on the queen’s Privy Council, “forward” Calvinists (or ultra-Protestants), were powerless to save him from the consequences of his indiscretion, which damaged the ultras’ other initiatives’ chances of success. This paper concerns one of those initiatives. From the late 1560s, they urged their queen “actively” to intervene in the Dutch wars. They collaborated with Calvinists on the Continent who befriended Prince William of Orange and who hoped to help him hold together a coalition of religiously reformed and Roman Catholic insurgents in the seventeen provinces of the Low Countries. The English ultra-Protestants would have their government send money, munitions, and men in arms to the Netherlands, to tip the balance against viceroys sent by King Philip II of Spain. Grindal’s setback undermined the English Calvinists’ efforts to form an Anglo-Dutch alliance which, they assumed, would boost the prospects for an international Protestant league. Yet Elizabeth did assist the Dutch as they wrestled with decisions forced on them by developments in the Netherlands during the 1570s, and she did so more consistently and more cleverly than many historians of Tudor diplomacy have thought.
Two competing assessments determine the way questions are formulated in the study of the queen’s and regime’s Dutch diplomacy. The general consensus is that she was indecisive and inconsistent. Paul Hammer characterizes Elizabeth’s responses to the crises in the Low Countries as a “zigzag of different” (“even contradictory”) maneuvers. Wallace McCaffrey and R. B. Wernham agree that England’s “hesitations and gyrations” do not pass as coherent, creditable policy. Charles Wilson scolds Elizabeth for being timid and tepid--incapable of enthusiasm for “a great cause.” But David J.B. Trim’s striking counterthrust depicts the queen’s overtures to Netherlanders as part of her courageous – and “confessionally driven” – foreign policy; Trim replaces “hesitation” and “zigzag” with a coherent “Protestant programme of action prioritized by the Elizabethan government” with the aim of improving prospects for “Calvinist internationalism.”
What follows is an alternative to all these characterizations, one that, as noted, finds evidence for greater consistency and coherence in Elizabeth’s leadership and less confessional “drive.” That she would have been uneasy around religious extremists ought not to astonish us; her father’s, step-brother’s, and step-sister’s reigns as well as the start of her own were disturbed by zealous subjects, who were bent on shoring up or dismantling the realm’s religious settlements
Short-Term Global Crop Acreage Response to International Food Prices and Implications of Volatility
Agricultural Productivity Growth, Efficiency Change and Technical Progress in Latin America and the Caribbean
Dignity, Inequality, and the Populist Backlash: Lessons from America and Europe for a Sustainable Globalization
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Microbiological quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities, Brazil Qualidade microbiológica de água potável de comunidades urbanas e rurais, Paraná
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microbiological quality of treated and untreated water samples came from urban and rural communities and to examine the relationship between coliforms occurrence and average water temperature, and a comparison of the rainfall levels. METHODS: A sample of 3,073 untreated and treated (chlorinated) water from taps (1,594), reservoir used to store treated water (1,033), spring water (96) and private well (350) collected for routine testing between 1996 and 1999 was analyzed by the multiple dilution tube methods used to detect the most probable number of total and fecal coliforms. These samples were obtained in the region of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. RESULTS: The highest numbers water samples contaminated by TC (83%) and FC (48%) were found in the untreated water. TC and FC in samples taken from reservoirs used to store treated water was higher than that from taps midway along distribution lines. Among the treated water samples examined, coliform bacteria were found in 171 of the 1,033 sampling reservoirs. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient treatment or regrowth is suggested by the observation that more than 17% of these treated potable water contained coliform. TC and FC positive samples appear to be similar and seasonally influenced in treated water. Two different periods must be considered for the occurrence of both TC and FC positive samples: (i) a warm-weather period (September-March) with high percentage of contaminated samples; and (ii) cold-weather period (April-August) were they are lower. Both TC and TF positive samples declined with the decreased of water temperature.<br>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade microbiolĂłgica de amostras de água tratada e nĂŁo-tratada proveniente de comunidades urbanas e rurais e examinar a relação entre ocorrĂŞncia de coliformes e a mĂ©dia de temperatura da água, e uma comparação dos nĂveis de precipitação de chuva. MÉTODOS: No perĂodo de 1996 a 1999, foram analisadas 3.073 amostras de água tratada (clorada) e nĂŁo-tratada pelo mĂ©todo dos tubos mĂşltiplos para determinar o nĂşmero mais provável de coliformes totais e fecais. Destas, 1.594 provenientes de água de torneiras, 1.033 de reservatĂłrio para estocar água tratada, 96 de água de minas e 350 de poços particulares. Tais amostras foram obtidas na regiĂŁo de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. RESULTADOS: O maior nĂşmero de amostras contaminadas por TC (coliformes totais) (83%) e FC (coliformes fecais) (48%) foi observado em água nĂŁo tratada. O Ăndice de TC e FC foi maior nas amostras de reservatĂłrios do que nas torneiras ao longo de sistema de distribuição. Entre as amostras de água tratada, foram encontradas bactĂ©rias do grupo coliforme em 171 dos 1.033 reservatĂłrios amostrados. CONCLUSĂ•ES: A observação de que mais de 17% da água potável tratada contĂŞm coliformes sugere tratamento insuficiente ou recrescimento. Em água tratada, amostras positivas para TC e FC parecem ser similares e sazonalmente influenciadas. Dois diferentes perĂodos podem ser considerados para a ocorrĂŞncia de amostras positivas para TC e FC: (i) perĂodo quente e Ăşmido (Setembro-Março) com alta percentagem de amostras contaminadas; e (ii) perĂodo frio e Ăşmido (Abril-Agosto) onde a positividade Ă© baixa. Amostras positivas para TC e FC diminuem com o decrĂ©scimo da temperatura da água