Coded Index Modulation for Non-DC-Biased OFDM in Multiple LED Visible Light Communication

Use of multiple light emitting diodes (LED) is an attractive way to increase spectral efficiency in visible light communications (VLC). A non-DC-biased OFDM (NDC OFDM) scheme that uses two LEDs has been proposed in the literature recently. NDC OFDM has been shown to perform better than other OFDM schemes for VLC like DC-biased OFDM (DCO OFDM) and asymmetrically clipped OFDM (ACO OFDM) in multiple LEDs settings. In this paper, we propose an efficient multiple LED OFDM scheme for VLC which uses {\em coded index modulation}. The proposed scheme uses two transmitter blocks, each having a pair of LEDs. Within each block, NDC OFDM signaling is done. The selection of which block is activated in a signaling interval is decided by information bits (i.e., index bits). In order to improve the reliability of the index bits at the receiver (which is critical because of high channel correlation in multiple LEDs settings), we propose to use coding on the index bits alone. We call the proposed scheme as CI-NDC OFDM (coded index NDC OFDM) scheme. Simulation results show that, for the same spectral efficiency, CI-NDC OFDM that uses LDPC coding on the index bits performs better than NDC OFDM

Generalized Spatial Modulation in Indoor Wireless Visible Light Communication

In this paper, we investigate the performance of generalized spatial modulation (GSM) in indoor wireless visible light communication (VLC) systems. GSM uses $N_t$ light emitting diodes (LED), but activates only $N_a$ of them at a given time. Spatial modulation and spatial multiplexing are special cases of GSM with $N_{a}=1$ and $N_{a}=N_t$, respectively. We first derive an analytical upper bound on the bit error rate (BER) for maximum likelihood (ML) detection of GSM in VLC systems. Analysis and simulation results show that the derived upper bound is very tight at medium to high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The channel gains and channel correlations influence the GSM performance such that the best BER is achieved at an optimum LED spacing. Also, for a fixed transmission efficiency, the performance of GSM in VLC improves as the half-power semi-angle of the LEDs is decreased. We then compare the performance of GSM in VLC systems with those of other MIMO schemes such as spatial multiplexing (SMP), space shift keying (SSK), generalized space shift keying (GSSK), and spatial modulation (SM). Analysis and simulation results show that GSM in VLC outperforms the other considered MIMO schemes at moderate to high SNRs; for example, for 8 bits per channel use, GSM outperforms SMP and GSSK by about 21 dB, and SM by about 10 dB at $10^{-4}$ BER

Design and Evolution of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks in Image Classification – A Review

Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) is a well-known computer vision approach successfully applied for various classification and recognition problems. It has an outstanding power to identify patterns in 1D and 2D data. Though invented in 80's, it became hugely successful after LeCun's work on digit identification. Several CNN based models have been developed to record splendid performance on ImageNet and other databases. Ability of the CNN in learning complex features at different hierarchy from the data had made it the most successful among deep learning algorithms. Innovative architectural designs and hyperaparameter optimization have greatly improved the efficiency of CNN in pattern recognition. This review majorly focuses on the evolution and history of CNN models. Landmark CNN architectures are discussed with their categorization depending on various parameters. In addition, this also explores the architectural details of different layers, activation function, optimizers and other hyperparameters used by CNN. Review concludes by shedding the light on the applications and observations to be considered while designing the network

Design and Evolution of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks in Image Classification – A Review

Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) is a well-known computer vision approach successfully applied for various classification and recognition problems. It has an outstanding power to identify patterns in 1D and 2D data. Though invented in 80's, it became hugely successful after LeCun's work on digit identification. Several CNN based models have been developed to record splendid performance on ImageNet and other databases. Ability of the CNN in learning complex features at different hierarchy from the data had made it the most successful among deep learning algorithms. Innovative architectural designs and hyperaparameter optimization have greatly improved the efficiency of CNN in pattern recognition. This review majorly focuses on the evolution and history of CNN models. Landmark CNN architectures are discussed with their categorization depending on various parameters. In addition, this also explores the architectural details of different layers, activation function, optimizers and other hyperparameters used by CNN. Review concludes by shedding the light on the applications and observations to be considered while designing the network

Nutritional composition of formulated complementary food produced from blends of malted and unmalted yellow maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) flour

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies among infants and children in developing countries have been a major concern of the World Health Organization. Formulation of complementary food from local sources of raw materials can be of great help in solving the problems of protein energy malnutrition. This study determined the nutritional composition of four formulated complementary foods from malted yellow maize, pre-gelatinized yellow maize, soybean, and tiger nut flour. The results showed an increase in protein content (17.6, 16.9, 20.4 & 19.7 %), crude fat (14.9, 12.9, 13.0 & 12.9 %) and energy (433.1, 419.4, 421.5 & 426.6 %) when compared with the control sample. The functional properties also competed favourably with the control sample, with the formulated samples having water absorption capacity (171.9, 169.0, 184.1 & 167.4 %), swelling power (27.9, 25.2, 29.8 and 28.1 %), and bulk density at the same level for all the formulated samples (0.5 g/ml). The formulated samples contained a higher amount of iron and magnesium, and the anti-nutritional factors fell below the hazard level. In conclusion, formulated complementary food made from locally sourced raw materials has enough nutritional composition to be able to combat PEM and micronutrient deficiencies among infants and children

HUMAN AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL OF CRAFTSMEN IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Construction craftsmen are one of the most vulnerable groups of workers. Hazardous working environment, temporal nature of work and poor wages characterize construction work. The study assessed the livelihood pattern of craftsmen with a view to improving their socioeconomic conditions. The study adopted a descriptive case study research design. Human and physical capitals of craftsmen were assessed. The most common livelihood activity of the craftsmen surveyed was bricklaying. The livelihood outcome of the craftsmen can be described as fair since they were able to meet their basic needs; however, the craftsmen desire to have a more steady flow of income and a better neighbourhood to live in

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON PARENTERAL AND ORAL IRON THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF MODERATE DEGREE OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN PREGNANCY.

Background Anemia, especially caused by insufficient iron and acute blood loss, is prevalent in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Iron requirements rise significantly during pregnancy to support both maternal and fetal needs. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Intravenous Iron and oral iron therapy in moderate degree of iron deficiency anemia in the second and third trimesters of pregnant women attending Antenatal OPD or labor room in Silchar Medical College and Hospital. Methods An Observational Cross-Sectional Study was done on 250 pregnant women attending Antenatal OPD and patients admitted to “The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Silchar Medical College and Hospital” with hemoglobin 7-9.9 g/dl. 250 Population selected randomly, separated into 2 groups with 125 each. The first group of patients who were given IVIS. The second group of people received oral ferrous sulfate tablets twice daily. The patients were asked to report after 4 weeks for estimation of Hb.  Results Baseline Hb of a group receiving oral iron therapy and parenteral iron therapy was 8.07 ±0.70 and 8.05±0.74 respectively. After 4 weeks of therapy, a mean difference of 0.61±0.53 was found in the oral therapy group and 1.44±0.62 in parenteral therapy where the P value is <0.001. The final rise in hemoglobin in the parenteral iron therapy group was found to be 9.47±0.97 and 8.69±0.86 in the oral receiving group.  Conclusion Parenteral iron therapy was found to be an effective, safe, and alternative therapy to oral iron therapy in the treatment management of moderate degree of iron deficiency anemia in second and third-trimester pregnant women. Recommendation Further studies with newer IV iron formulations to overcome the issue of affordability and the risks of infusion-related complications and increase the sample size

A model for interacting instabilities and texture dynamics of patterns

A simple model to study interacting instabilities and textures of resulting patterns for thermal convection is presented. The model consisting of twelve-mode dynamical system derived for periodic square lattice describes convective patterns in the form of stripes and patchwork quilt. The interaction between stationary zig-zag stripes and standing patchwork quilt pattern leads to spatiotemporal patterns of twisted patchwork quilt. Textures of these patterns, which depend strongly on Prandtl number, are investigated numerically using the model. The model also shows an interesting possibility of a multicritical point, where stability boundaries of four different structures meet.Comment: 4 pages including 4 figures, page width revise

A BIM-based theoretical framework for the integration of the asset End-of-Life phase

Due to the migration of industry from the use of traditional 2D CAD tools to Building Information Modelling (BIM) process, and the growing awareness of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste issues, researchers are interested in compiling the use of BIM for C&D Waste issues. BIM is commonly used for the Design, Construction and Maintenance phases of an asset; however, the use of BIM for the End-of-Life management is still in its infancy. This paper proposes to reconsider the asset lifecycle by incorporating a sustainable End-of-Life, as a phase, in BIM context. Recommendations are given to push the BIM potential up to the asset End-of-Life management. Based on the results of a literature review assessing the current use of BIM for the asset End-of-Life, a conceptual framework was drawn. A set of eleven stakeholders, involved in the asset lifecycle, from inception to deconstruction were interviewed to improve the conceptual framework. The research reveals the impacts and barriers for the integration of the deconstruction phase into the asset lifecycle. Consequently, a theoretical framework for the asset lifecycle from inception to deconstruction in BIM environment is created to change the linear system to a circular economy.Peer reviewe

Quasiperiodic waves at the onset of zero Prandtl number convection with rotation

We show the possibility of quasiperiodic waves at the onset of thermal convection in a thin horizontal layer of slowly rotating zero-Prandtl number Boussinesq fluid confined between stress-free conducting boundaries. Two independent frequencies emerge due to an interaction between a stationary instability and a self-tuned wavy instability in presence of coriolis force, if Taylor number is raised above a critical value. Constructing a dynamical system for the hydrodynamical problem, the competition between the interacting instabilities is analyzed. The forward bifurcation from the conductive state is self-tuned.Comment: 9 pages of text (LaTex), 5 figures (Jpeg format