Synthesis, quality control and determination of metallic impurities in F-fludeoxyglucose production process

AimThe aim of this study was to synthesize 18FDG in some consecutive runs and check the quality of manufactured radiopharmaceuticals and to determine the distribution of metallic impurities in the synthesis process.BackgroundFor radiopharmaceuticals the general requirements are listed in European Pharmacopeia and these parameters have to be checked before application for human use.Materials and methodsStandard methods for the determination of basic characteristics of radiopharmaceuticals were used. Additionally, high resolution γ spectrometry was used for the assessment of nuclidic purity and inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry to evaluate metallic content.ResultsResults showed sources and distribution of metallic and radiometallic impurities in the production process. Main part is trapped in the initial separation column of the synthesis unit and is not distributed to the final product in significant amounts.ConclusionsProduced 18FDG filled requirements of Ph.Eur. and the content of radionuclidic and metallic impurities was in the acceptable range

Environmentally induced changes in antioxidant phenolic compounds levels in wild plants

[EN] Different adverse environmental conditions cause oxidative stress in plants by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accordingly, a general response to abiotic stress is the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Many phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, are known antioxidants and efficient ROS scavengers in vitro, but their exact role in plant stress responses in nature is still under debate. The aim of our work is to investigate this role by correlating the degree of environmental stress with phenolic and flavonoid levels in stress-tolerant plants. Total phenolic and antioxidant flavonoid contents were determined in 19 wild species. Meteorological data and plant and soil samples were collected in three successive seasons from four Mediterranean ecosystems: salt marsh, dune, semiarid and gypsum habitats. Changes in phenolic and flavonoid levels were correlated with the environmental conditions of the plants and were found to depend on both the taxonomy and ecology of the investigated species. Despite species-specific differences, principal component analyses of the results established a positive correlation between plant phenolics and several environmental parameters, such as altitude, and those related to water stress: temperature, evapotranspiration, and soil water deficit. The correlation with salt stress was, however, very weak. The joint analysis of all the species showed the lowest phenolic and flavonoid levels in the halophytes from the salt marsh. This finding supports previous data indicating that the halophytes analysed here do not undergo oxidative stress in their natural habitat and therefore do not need to activate antioxidant systems as a defence against salinity.This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project CGL2008-00438/BOS), with contribution from the European Regional Development Fund. Thanks to Dr. Rafael Herrera for critical reading of the manuscript.Bautista, I.; Boscaiu, M.; Lidón, A.; Llinares Palacios, JV.; Lull, C.; Donat-Torres, MP.; Mayoral García-Berlanga, O.... (2016). Environmentally induced changes in antioxidant phenolic compounds levels in wild plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 38(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-015-2025-2S115381Agati G, Biricolti S, Guidi L, Ferrini F, Fini A, Tattini M (2011) The biosynthesis of flavonoids is enhanced similarly by UV radiation and root zone salinity in L. vulgare leaves. 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Porównanie wybranych metod analizy dynamiki układów wieloczłonowych z więzami nadmiarowymi

This paper compares selected optimization-based methods for the analysis of multibody systems with redundant constraints. The following numerical schemes are examined: direct integration method, Udwadia-Kalaba formulation, two types of least-squares block solution method and Udwadia-Phohomsiri formulation. In order to compare efficiency of the algorithms, a series of simulations is performed on two exemplary McPherson struts. In the first variant, the mechanism has no redundant constraints whereas the other is overconstrained. Three constraint stabilization schemes are also compared in terms of integration errors.W pracy porównano wybrane metody analizy układów wieloczłonowych z więzami nadmiarowymi z zastosowaniem metod optymalizacji. Porównano następujące metody całkowania równań ruchu: metodę bezpośredniego całkowania, dwa rodzaje metody najmniejszych kwadratów oraz trzy różne sformułowania przedstawione w piśmiennictwie. Przeanalizowano trzy przypadki stabilizacji rozwiązania, przeprowadzono serie symulacji na dwóch przykładach mechanizmów kolumny McPhersona. Sformułowano wnioski co do efektywności rozwiązania układów równań ruchu mechanizmów, które mogą być przydatne dla doboru odpowiedniej metody całkowania

Synthesis of Endogenous Compounds Labeled with 11C\text{}^{11}C for Positron Emission Tomography

Among the β⁺ emitting isotopes, produced in medical cyclotrons, carbon-11 is promising radionuclide for labeling of biologically active compounds and tracking their distribution in living organism. Therefore aminoacids, carboxylic acids, fatty acids and amines have been widely used in assessing and staging of brain tumors ($\text{}^{11}C$-methionine), prostate cancer ($\text{}^{11}C$-choline, $\text{}^{11}C$-acetate) and neurological disorders ($\text{}^{11}C$-labeled neurotransmitters). This paper reviews recent achievements in synthesis of endogenous substances labeled with $\text{}^{11}C$ and presents our experience in $\text{}^{11}C$-methionine synthesis. Proposed protocol is a reliable tool for routine manufacturing in clinical applications and animal studies

Comparison of natural complement formulations for multibody dynamics

The main aim of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of numerical techniques used for spatial multibody dynamics simulation by applying the natural complement method. In the paper, seven numerical schemes are considered: zero eigenvalue formulation, Pseudo Upper Triangular Decomposition, Schur decomposition, Singular Value Decomposition, QR decomposition, coordinate partitioning and Wang-Huston formulation. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of these schemes, two McPherson struts are considered. Simulations are performed with four error tolerance values and for three stabilization cases. Some suggestions on possible applications of the selected methods are formulated

A kinetostatics-based study of uniqueness of reactions and drives in robotics

Reaction and driving forces may be non-unique in many robotic systems. This may pose a problem during robot design or its control synthesis. Hence, it is useful to detect which reaction or actuation forces are non-unique. Previously developed methods are designed for reactions uniqueness analysis only. These methods studied the constraint Jacobian matrix. The kinetostatics-based approach, presented in this paper, enables the simultaneous study of reactions and driving forces uniqueness. It allows the application of the criteria derived from the concepts of linear algebra, e.g. direct sum or nullspace. In this paper only the nullspace method is presented. Moreover, in order to illustrate the approach, five examples are provided

Synthesis of 11C-methionine through gas phase iodination using Synthra MeIPlus synthesis module

A method of 11C-methionine synthesis using ‘bubbling’ method is presented. 11C-methionine was synthesized via 11C methylation from L-cysteine thiolactone (2 mg) in a 300 L solution of 2:1:1 (v/v) 1 M NaOH, ethanol, and water at ambient temperature (85°C, 5 min). The radiochemical purity of radiotracer was higher than 99% and enantiomeric purity (L-11C-methionine) was 91.6 ± 0.4%. The fi nal product met the requirements of European Pharmacopoeia monograph. The proposed 11C-methionine synthesis is a reliable tool for routine manufacturing in clinical applications and animal studies

Synthesis of 11C-methionine through gas phase iodination using Synthra MeIPlus synthesis module

A method of 11C-methionine synthesis using ‘bubbling’ method is presented. 11C-methionine was synthesized via 11C methylation from L-cysteine thiolactone (2 mg) in a 300 μL solution of 2:1:1 (v/v) 1 M NaOH, ethanol, and water at ambient temperature (85°C, 5 min). The radiochemical purity of radiotracer was higher than 99% and enantiomeric purity (L-11C-methionine) was 91.6 ± 0.4%. The final product met the requirements of European Pharmacopoeia monograph. The proposed 11C-methionine synthesis is a reliable tool for routine manufacturing in clinical applications and animal studies