Társas megküzdési minták és identitáskonstrukciós folyamatok azonosítása történelmi tárgyú elbeszélésekben = Exploring coping strategies and processes of identity construction in fictional and non-fictional historical narratives

Kísérleti kutatásokkal igazoltuk, hogy a csoportközi észlelésben a saját csoport iránti pozitív elfogultság, illetve a külső csoportok negatív megkülönböztetése akkor jelentkezik, ha a helyzetben a csoportok közötti történelmi konfliktus aktualizálódik. Az észlelésben megnyilvánuló elfogultság függ a személyek nemzeti azonosulásának típusától és mértékétől. Ugyanebben a kísérletsorozatban kidolgoztuk és igazoltuk a történelmi pályához kapcsolódó kollektív érzelmek kategóriáját. A kutatás céljára kifejlesztett tartalomelemző eszközökkel három történelmi esemény (honfoglalás, kiegyezés, Trianoni békeszerződés) szöveges bemutatását elemeztük 1900-tól napjainkig megjelent középiskolás történelem könyvekben, illetve 16 történelmi eseményt elemeztünk kortárs általános-és középiskolai tankönyvekben valamint egy 500 fős mintától nyert laikus történelmi elbeszélésekben. Az eredmények azt mutatták, hogy mind a történelemkönyvek, mind a laikus elbeszélések a magyar csoportot illetően alacsony ágenciájú identitást közvetítenek. A huszadik századi traumatikus események kognitív elaborációja csak az utóbbi évtizedben indult meg. A történelmi regények identitás közvetítő funkciójának tartalomelemzéses vizsgálatiban megállapítottuk, hogy a csoportközi konfliktust elbeszélő szövegek kategoriális empátiát hívnak elő. A regények magyar szereplőinek érzelmi készletét a depresszív dinamika jellemzi. Nagy számban jelennek meg a történelmi pályához kapcsolódó érzelmek. | Experimental research provided evidence that ingroup favoritism in intergroup perception is enhanced by actualization of historical intergroup conflict. Ingroup favoritism depends on type and strength of national identification. In a series of experiments we have elaborated and verified the category of historical trajectory related emotions as a type of collective emotions. Content analytic tools which have been developed for the purpose of studying historical texts were used to analyzing three historical events in high school history books published from 1900 on. Similar study was carried out with 16 historical events in contemporary secondary school and high school history books, and with lay history stories gathered from a stratified sample of 500 subjects. Results show that both history books and lay stories transmit a kind of national identity which is characterized by low agency. Cognitive elaboration of the traumatic events of the twentieth century has begin only int he past decade. Studies of historical novels' functions in mediating national identity provided evidence that narratives on intergroup conflicts evoke categorial empathy. Emotional repository of Hungarian characters is dominated by depressive dynamics. There is a high frequency of historical trajectory related emotions

Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the utilization of an iron-containing nanomaterial by a dicot model plant

Since plants represent the primary source of iron in human consumption, iron deficiency is among the most common nutritional disorders. Due to suboptimal soil conditions (alkaline pH or high carbonate content) iron can precipitate in the soil that reduces its availability for plants in many agricultural areas. The applications of iron-containing nanoparticles such as nanoferrihydrite (NH) as fertilizer ingredients could be effective to treat iron deficiency of plants. NH is thought to be effective in increasing the available iron content of soils, providing a stable but efficient iron supply even at alkaline pH, similarly to commercial chelates and complexes like Fe-EDTA and Fe-citrate, respectively. Moreover, testing the utilisation of a new substance requires a reliable system. Molecular biological methods contribute testing the utilisation of the nanoparticles in the iron uptake of plants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is found appropriate for measuring the gene expression of key components of the iron uptake system. Here we focused on the root iron uptake system in a dicot model plant, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Joker F1). A key enzyme of this system is the ferric-chelate oxidoreductase (FRO1) – an iron deficiency inducible membrane bound enzyme that is responsible for the reduction of iron at the root surface. We identified the homolog of Arabidopsis Fro2 gene in cucumber genome. Furthermore, to investigate the bio-utilisation of iron content of NH by cucumber roots, changes in the expression of CsFro1 were monitored by qRT-PCR upon NH treatment. The results indicate that the expression of CsFro1 is enhanced by iron deficiency but upon NH treatment it started to decrease and the tendency for decrease has become apparent within thirty minutes. This proves that the utilization of the iron content of NH has been carried out in a very short time frame. Moreover, molecular methods can be successfully used in testing the effects of nanomaterials and thus the results contribute to adjusting the proper dosage of the material, which can successfully cure iron deficiency of plants

Iron uptake from manufactured nanomaterials: obscured mechanism, controversial effect

Transition metals in nanomaterials such as iron, manganese or zinc are essential microelements for plants. When these metals are present in suboptimal concentration for the plants, deficiency syndromes develop that causes reduced crop production or poor fruit quality. Low mineral content of plant products has a major role in human malnutrition. Most stable Fe-chelates for the correction of Fe deficiency are not biodegradable and expensive so applying manufactured nanomaterials may serve as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative. Newly designed, transition metal containing nanomaterials stabilized in colloid suspension have been characterised and then applied in hydroponic cultures to cucumber model plants in a wide range of concentration. The uptake and distribution of the elements from the nanomaterials and their utilization were investigated by microXRF mapping, ICP-MS, enzyme activity tests, gene expression measurements and the changes in some basic physiological parameters were followed. Nanoferrihydrite and nano-Mn-Zn-ferrite colloid suspensions with 3-8 nm particle size applied in 0.01-0.02 mM concentration and at slightly acidic pH proved to be a good source of Fe, Mn and Zn in various experimental conditions. Mn-Zn-ferrite has also been tested at pH 7.5 and Fe deficient cucumber plants showed a significant recovery after 3 days of application in terms of chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic efficiency but not at pH 8.5. Mn and Zn deficient plants also showed recovery upon addition of the ferrite. Ferric chelate reductase assays showed that it is not the normal reduction-based uptake pathway that plays a role in the iron utilization of these nanoparticles. Analysis of root ferric chelate reductase expression pointed out a quick utilisation of Fe content of the nanoferrihydrite particles. Elevated concentrations of the nanoferrite at the millimolar range as compared to equal concentrations of micronutrient salts proved to be significantly less toxic. However, another nanomaterial, an insoluble nano FeCo powder applied to the nutrient solution of cucumber in high concentration causes severe chlorosis due to cobalt toxicity, pointing on that the composition of the nanoparticles is highly important for their bioactivity. Keywords: nanomaterial, ferrite, ferrihydrite, fertilizer, ferric chelate reductase, toxicity This work was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary (NKFIH) K115784, 115913, 124159 and VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00008. Á. Solti was also supported by the Bolyai János Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (BO/00207/15/4)

BC-Monitor: Towards a Routinely Accessible Circulating Tumor DNA-Based Tool for Real-Time Monitoring Breast Cancer Progression and Treatment Effectiveness

, László Tordai 4 , Rozália Tóth 4 , Zsuzsanna Kahán 4 and Lajos Haracska 5,

Research Methods in Plant Biology

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