Questioning discrimination through critical media literacy. Findings from seven European countries

This paper presents the main findings of an action-research study that took place in seven European countries in order to develop effective educational responses to prevent and combat discrimination. The study entailed the design of media and citizenship education activities, their implementation in the different educational contexts and the evaluation of their effectiveness in raising young people’s awareness of discrimination. The results of the study shed light both on the advantages and constraints of educational practice, variations that often depend on the specific cultural and social context. On the one hand, the analysis and the evaluation of educational experiences suggest that critical media literacy can enable the development of critical reading/ viewing skills as well as acts of participatory and inclusive citizenship that question derogative and essentialist media representations of the Other. On the other hand, the results highlight the difficulty of promoting young people’s awareness of discrimination through active methods of teaching and learning or through media content which is far from young people’s experience, interests and concerns

Multiplicação in vitro do porta-enxerto de Prunus spp. 'Carelli' In vitro multiplication of Prunus spp. rootstocks 'Carelli'

No Brasil, a falta de porta-enxertos para as Prunáceas, principalmente de origem clonal, tem incentivado a seleção de novas variedades e o uso de técnicas de cultura in vitro para a propagação. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de multiplicação in vitro do porta-enxerto 'Carelli' sob efeito de diferentes concentrações da citocinina 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP). Segmentos nodais com 0,5 cm de comprimento foram inoculados em meio de cultura de Lepoivre, suplementado com 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 mg.L-1 BAP. Estes segmentos nodais são oriundos de plântulas preestabelecidas in vitro, após duas subculturas em meio de cultura de Lepoivre, suplementado com 0,5 mg.L-1 de BAP. As avaliações para número de brotos por explante e altura média das brotações foram realizadas após 21 dias de cultura in vitro. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos com BAP não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si. A taxa média de multiplicação foi de 3,3 a 3,4 brotos por explante. O tratamento sem adição de BAP não apresentou a formação de brotações axilares, mas resultou em brotos com maior altura média (16,2 mm). O uso de BAP afetou significativamente a altura das brotações, e o acréscimo nas suas concentrações reduziu o comprimento das mesmas. Concentrações de BAP superiores a 1,0 mg.L-1de BAP reduziram o comprimento das brotações e promoveram hiperidricidade. O uso de 0,5 mg.L-1 de BAP promoveu a formação de 3,3 brotos por explante com 11,0 mm de altura média, em condições adequadas para o enraizamento.<br>In Brazil the lack of well adapted rootstocks in the Peach industry, mainly of clonal origin, forces the selection of new varieties and the use of tissue culture techniques for the mass clonal propagation. In the present work it was evaluated the in vitro multiplication potential of "Carelli" rootstock in response to different levels of BA. Nodal segments (0.5 cm length) were inoculated in test tubes containing 20 ml of Lepoivre culture medium supplemented with 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg.L-1 BA. This nodal segments were originated from in vitro pre-established plants after two subcultures in Lepoivre culture medium supplemented with 0.5 mg.L-1 BA. Evaluations done after 21 days in culture showed that the different levels of BA resulted in values statistically similar for the multiplication rate and length of regenerated shoots. The values for multiplication rate ranged from 3.3 to 3.4 shoots/explant. The treatment control did not result in multiple shoots but showed shoots with the highest lengh (16.2 mm). BA significativelly affected the length of shoots and the increase in its levels reduced the shoot lengh. BA levels higher than 1.0 mg.L-1 reduced the shoot length and promoted vitrification. BA in the level of 0.5 mg.L-1 resulted in the induction of 3.3 shoots/explant with means values of 11.0 mm in length in adequate conditions for rooting