227 research outputs found

    Improving the personalized prediction of complex traits and diseases: application to type 2 diabetes

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    Common complex diseases are among the top leading causes of death globally. Due to their heavy burden on the healthcare systems and on affected individuals themselves, scientists are searching for solutions to delay their onset or even better, to prevent them. Complex diseases result from many genetic and non-genetic (e.g. lifestyle and environment) factors and their interactions, but the specific risk factors differ between individuals. Therefore, prevention of such diseases requires a personalized approach that uses each person’s genetic and non-genetic information to predict his/her disease risk. In the current thesis, type 2 diabetes (T2D) was used as a model example of a common complex disease. T2D occurs when the blood sugar levels are too high and results in severe health complications when appropriate and timely treatment is not guaranteed. Many non-genetic factors have already been established as risk factors for T2D, however, the contributions of genetic risk factors and their interactions with non-genetic risk factors have been less explored. The current thesis presents methodological advancements to better use (epi)genetic information for risk prediction of T2D. It shows that genetic risk profiles can be improved by accounting for overestimation of genetic risk and by incorporating the ancestry of individuals in order to reduce health disparities. The thesis also discusses the current limitations of genetic risk profiles and summarizes the latest genomic advancements in general. In summary, this thesis brings personalized prediction a step closer to successful application with the goal to prevent disease and maintain good health for longer

    Legal Reform in Estonia

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    Verbetering van de persoonlijke predictie van complexe eigenschappen en ziektes: een toepassing op Type 2 Diabetes

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    VĂ€itekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneDoktoritöö kaitsmine toimub Groningeni Ülikoolis 7. septembril 2022TĂ€napĂ€eva maailmas on komplekshaigused ĂŒheks juhtivaks haigestumuse ja suremuse pĂ”hjuseks. Komplekshaigused tekivad mitmete geneetiliste ja mitte-geneetiliste (nt elustiili ja keskkonna) riskitegurite ning nendevaheliste keerukate koosmĂ”jude tulemusel. Kuna need haigused pĂ”hjustavad terviseprobleeme ja on liigselt koormavad tervishoiusĂŒsteemidele, siis otsivad teadlased lahendusi, kuidas neid haigusi avastada veel enne nende vĂ€ljakujunemist. On teada, et erinevused geneetiliste komponentide ja elustiili osas pĂ”hjustavad haigusriski varieerumist inimeste vahel, mistĂ”ttu ĂŒheks lahenduseks selliste keerukate haiguste ennetamisel peetakse personaalset lĂ€henemist, mis inimese geneetilise ja mitte-geneetilise info pĂ”hjal ennustaks tema haigusriski. KĂ€esolevas vĂ€itekirjas kĂ€sitleti komplekshaigusena teist tĂŒĂŒpi diabeeti (T2D), mis tekib kĂ”rge veresuhkru taseme korral ning pĂ”hjustab Ă”igeaegse ja korrektse ravi puudumisel tĂŒsistusi. T2D teadaolevateks riskiteguriteks on kĂ”rgem vanus, madal kehaline aktiivsus, liigne kaloraaĆŸ, madal sotsiaalmajanduslik staatus, suitsetamine ja alkoholi tarvitamine. Geneetilisi riskitegureid ja nende seoseid elustiili ning keskkondlike riskiteguritega on kĂŒll uuritud, aga haiguse keerukuse tĂ”ttu pole tĂ€pseid toimemehhanisme veel vĂ€lja selgitatud. SeetĂ”ttu uuriti kĂ€esolevas vĂ€itekirjas inimese genoomi, et mĂ”ista, kuidas paremini kasutada geneetilist informatsiooni T2D riski prognoosimiseks. Selleks kasutati polĂŒgeenset riskiskoori (PRS), mis summeerib inimese haiguse tekke geneetilise riski ja mille abil tuvastatakse juba praegu kĂ”rgesse T2D riskirĂŒhma kuuluvaid indiviide. Siiski on veel mitmeid vastakaid seisukohti praeguseks vĂ€ljatöötatud PRS-ide geneetilise riski hindamises. NĂ€iteks ei pruugi PRS-i ennustustĂ€psus olla piisav vĂ”i seda ei ole vĂ”imalik arvutada iga indiviidi jaoks sarnaselt, kuna iga genoom on mĂ”jutatud suure hulga riskitegurite poolt, mis vĂ”ivad erinevates populatsioonides erineda. KĂ€esoleva vĂ€itekirja teadusartiklitel pĂ”hinevad viis peatĂŒkki keskendusid personaliseeritud T2D ennetuse parendamisele geneetiliste meetodite kaudu, PRS-i metoodiliste piirangute kĂ€sitlemisele ning epigeneetiliste riskitegurite rolli uurimisele T2D korral. Esimeses peatĂŒkis valideeriti kahes suures Euroopa biopangas PRS-meetodina topeltkaalutud geneetiline riskiskoor. Teises peatĂŒkis töötati vĂ€lja uued PRS-meetodid, et parandada PRS-i ĂŒlekantavust neile indiviididele, kelle esivanemad pĂ€rinevad erinevatest populatsioonidest, kelle genoomid olid segunenud ja keda oli tĂ€nu uudsete geneetiliste meetodite kasutamisele vĂ”imalik uurida. Kolmandas peatĂŒkis uuriti PRS-i ĂŒlekantavust kahe Euroopa populatsiooni vahel, kus genoomid vĂ”ivad erineda mitmete populatsioonispetsiifiliste tegurite tĂ”ttu. Neljandas peatĂŒkis testiti metĂŒlatsiooniskooride (MS) seost T2D ja selle glĂŒkeemiliste endofenotĂŒĂŒpidega, et teha kindlaks, kas epigeneetilised mehhanismid vahendavad keskkonna ja geeni-keskkonna koosmĂ”jusid T2D tekkes. Viiendas peatĂŒkis anti ĂŒlevaade genoomika valdkonna viimastest arengutest ning nende rakendamise vĂ”imalustest personaalmeditsiinis just Eesti Geenivaramu nĂ€itel. Töö tulemused nĂ€itasid, et topeltkaalutud GRS töötas paremini kui traditsiooniline GRS. Uued PRS-id, mis kasutasid geneetilise lookuse kindlast populatsioonist pĂ”lvnemise hindamise meetodit, parandasid komplekstunnuste prognoosimise tĂ€psust hiljuti segunenud indiviidide puhul, kes varasemalt jĂ€eti geneetilistest uuringutest vĂ€lja, kuid uudse PRS meetodi tĂ”ttu on vĂ”imalik neid nĂŒĂŒd kaasata personaalmeditsiini uuringutesse. Uudne populatsioonistruktuuri korrigeerimisviis geneetilistes analĂŒĂŒsides ei parandanud PRS ĂŒlekantavust kahe Euroopa kohordi vahel ja isegi traditsioonilise lĂ€henemisviisiga saadud PRS sisaldas populatsioonistruktuuri. MS-id nĂ€itasid, et epigeneetika on vĂ”imalik molekulaarne vahelĂŒli, mis peegeldab keskkonna ja elustiili mĂ”ju T2D-le ja selle endofenotĂŒĂŒpidele. Töö tulemused nĂ€itavad komplekstunnuste ja -haiguste personaalse ennetuse tĂ€psema ja laialdasema rakenduse vĂ”imalikkust, mis viib meid sammu lĂ€hemale personaalmeditsiinile eesmĂ€rgiga pikendada inimeste tervena elatud aastate arvu.In nowadays world, common complex diseases are among the top leading causes of death globally. These diseases result from many genetic and non-genetic (e.g. lifestyle and environment) factors and from interactions between them. Since such diseases have a high health burden for the affected individual and place a heavy load on the healthcare systems, scientists are searching for solutions to delay their onset or even better, to prevent them. Evidently, differences in genetic and non-genetic components result in variation in disease risk between individuals. Therefore, prevention of such complex diseases requires a personalized approach that uses each person’s genetic and non-genetic information to predict his or her disease risk. In the current thesis, type 2 diabetes (T2D) was used as a model example of a common complex disease, T2D occurs when the blood sugar levels are too high and results in severe health complications when appropriate and timely treatment is not guaranteed. Factors such as higher age, low physical activity, high calorie intake, low socioeconomic position, smoking, and alcohol consumption have already been established as risk factors for T2D. However, the contributions of genetic risk factors and their interactions with non-genetic risk factors have not been so well explored. Therefore, the current thesis zooms in on the human genome to understand how better to use genetic information for risk prediction of T2D, leveraging on recently developed polygenic risk score (PRS – a measure combining a person’s genetic risk for a disease) approaches. Such PRSs could already enable detection of the high-risk individuals for T2D according to their genetic composition at young ages before the onset of the disease. However, there are still several limitations regarding the use of a PRS in clinical practice as its performance does not reach to the estimated levels or it cannot be constructed for each individual in a similar way due to the population-specific risk factors, causing too low estimated risks when applied in non-Europeans or admixed individuals. Therefore, current thesis presents five chapters, which mainly focus on improving the personalized prediction via genetics, tackling the current methodological limitations for PRSs, plus investigating the role of epigenetic risk factors for T2D. In the first chapter, a PRS method (called doubly-weighted GRS) was validated in two European biobanks. In the second chapter, novel PRS methods were developed to improve the PRS transferability for individuals with admixed ancestry. In the third chapter, the PRS transferability issue was investigated on a finer-scale, that is, whether a principal component projection (a method to account for population structure) could mitigate the transferability issue between two European populations. In the fourth chapter, associations of methylation scores (MSs) with prevalent T2D and its glycemic endophenotypes were tested to see whether epigenetic mechanisms could represent environmental and gene-environment effects on top of the genetics. In the fifth chapter the latest advancements in the genomics field were discussed and how to apply these in the personalized medicine framework with the prime example of the Estonian Biobank. The findings of this thesis showed that the doubly-weighted GRS indeed performed better that the traditional GRS in both European biobanks. The novel PRSs, which used the information from the method estimating genetic ancestry in a specific genetic locus could improve the prediction for the recently admixed individuals. These PRS methods made it possible to include individuals and having them benefit from personalized prediction, who were previously just excluded from the genetic studies. The traditional population-specific principal components outperformed our approach. However, the resulting PRS still contained population structure. Lastly, MSs showed a promising trend towards representing the environmental triggers for T2D and its underlying traits. In summary, the doctoral thesis resulted in more accurate and broader application of personalized prediction for complex traits and diseases leading us a step closer to personalized medicine, which makes it easier to maintain health and to prolong healthy life years.https://www.ester.ee/record=b550890

    Autoimmuunsed villilised haigused

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    Villiliste haiguste rĂŒhma patogeneetiliseks aluseks on autoantikehade tekkimine epi der mise vĂ”i dermoepidermaalse ĂŒhendusjoone normaalsete komponentide vastu. Kuigi hai gu sed erinevad omavahel haigete keskmise vanuse, kliinilise pildi ja histoloogilise leiu poo lest, kinnitab diagnoosi lĂ”plikult IgG vĂ”i IgA klassi kuuluvate autoantikehade depoo kindlaks tegemine nahas ning tsirkuleerivate autoantikehade avastamine veres. Ena mikku autoimmuunseid villilisi haigusi ravitakse sĂŒsteemse glĂŒkokortikosteroidi ja immuun supressiivsete ravimitega, IgA-st sĂ”ltuvate haiguste korral on valikravimiks dapsoon. Eesti Arst 2006; 85 (8): 510–51

    Arstide suitsetamine, sellealased hinnangud ja tÀhelepanu pööramine patsientide suitsetamisele

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    Taust ja eesmĂ€rk. Arstidel on oluline roll patsientide tervisekĂ€itumise kujundamisel. Selleks et teada arstide valmisolekut aidata kaasa patsientide suitsetamise vĂ€hendamisele, on vaja teada nende endi suitsetamisharjumusi ja suhtumist suitsetamisesse. Töö eesmĂ€rk oli uurida Eesti arstide suitsetamise levimust, nende sellealaseid hinnanguid ning tĂ€helepanu pööramist patsiendi suitsetamisele.Metoodika. LĂ€bilĂ”ikeline postikĂŒsitlusuuring korraldati kĂ”ikide töötavate arstide hulgas 2014. aastal. Töösse kaasati alla 65aastased arstid (n = 2334).Tulemused ja jĂ€reldused. Uuringu tulemustena leiti, et suitsetas 16,2% mees- ja 6,4% naisarstidest (igapĂ€evaselt suitsetas vastavalt 12,5% ja 4,9%). VĂ”rreldes naistega pidas oluliselt rohkem mehi oma suitsetamisest loobumise nĂ”ustamise teadmisi piisavaks, kuid oluliselt vĂ€hem mehi suitsetamise ennetuse Ă”pet tervishoiutöötajate pĂ”hikoolituses vajalikuks.KĂŒmnendik mees- ja naisarstidest ei olnud viimase nĂ€dala jooksul kĂŒsinud patsiendi suitsetamise kohta. VĂ”rreldes suitsetavate arstidega tegid mittesuitsetajad seda oluliselt rohkem. Peamine patsiendi suitsetamisele tĂ€helepanu pööramist piirav tegur oli ajapuudus, millele jĂ€rgnes arvamus, et arst ei suuda mĂ”jutada patsiendi kĂ€itumist. VĂ”rreldes suitsetavate arstidega oli mittesuitsetavate mees- ja naisarstide arvates oluliselt harvemini patsiendi suitsetamisele tĂ€helepanu pööramist piiravaks teguriks patsiendi privaatsuse hĂ€irimine. Mittesuitsetavatel naisarstidel oli vĂ€iksem ĆĄanss pidada suitsetamisele tĂ€helepanu pööramist takistavaks teguriks probleemi mitteolulisust ja selle arvamist kellegi teise tĂ¶Ă¶ĂŒlesandeks.Uuringu tulemustest jĂ€reldub, et senisest rohkem on tarvis tĂ€helepanu pöörata arstide suitsetamisest loobumise nĂ”ustamise praktiliste oskuste arendamisele. Eesti Arst 2016; 95(5):285–293 

    Sotsiaal-majanduslikud erinevused suitsetamises

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    Eesti Arst 2008; 88(Lisa2):57−6

    Suurendatud riskiga alkoholitarvitamine 25–64aastaste tĂ€iskasvanute hulgas

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    Eesti Arst 2008; 88(Lisa2):63−6
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