Variability of the temporary sequence of the kinetic chain of the handball throw

Se pretende analizar la variabilidad intraindividual de los lanzamientos en apoyo desde nueve metros y en presencia de un portero. La muestra se compone de cuatro lanzadores y siete porteros de la primera división española. A partir de las fuerzas de reacción se registró el movimiento de los porteros, y los lanzamientos mediante técnicas de vídeo 3D. La variabilidad en los patrones de movimiento engaña al portero y reducen el tiempo de movimiento. La cadena cinética utilizada responde a una secuencia temporal P-D, orientada a reducir el estrés excesivo en la articulación del hombro. La inercia del tronco permite reducir el tiempo de ejecución y elegir el instante de inicio de lanzamiento según las acciones del portero.The aim is to analyze the intraindividual variability of the throw in support realized from nine meters and in presence of a goalkeeper. Four throwers and seven goalkeepers from first Spanish division took part. From the forces of reaction proceeding from the platform, was registered the beginning of the movement of the goalkeeper, whereas the model of the throwing was using video 3D. The variability in the movement pattern faked the goalkeepers and reduced the time of movement. The kinetic chain is a temporary sequence P-D orientated to reducing the excessive stress in the joint of the shoulder. The inertia of the trunk reduced the time of execution and choose the instant of throwing depending on the goalkeeper

Impacts of a hydroinfiltrator rainwater harvesting system on soil moisture regime and groundwater distribution for olive groves in semi-arid Mediterranean regions

Dry periods in semi-arid regions constitute one of the greatest hazardous features that agriculture faces. This study investigates the effects of using a new device called ‘Hydroinfiltrator Rainwater Harvesting System (HRHS) on the water balance of soils. It was designed for arid and semi-arid zones affected by long periods of drought punctuated by heavy rainstorms. The new hydroinfiltrator consists of a net-like shell filled mainly with biochar. It is cylindrical in shape, is placed vertically and is half-buried in the soil around the crop tree to facilitate the infiltration of rainwater, irrigation or runoff water deep into the soil. The experimental plot is located in Baena (Córdoba, southern Spain) in an olive grove where the hydroinfiltrator was installed in 90 olive trees while 10 were left as a control group. In the xeric climate (bordering on arid), typical of the region, soils without a hydroinfiltrator have had a low infiltration rate, which reduces the effectiveness of precipitation and significantly increases the risk of water erosion. The effects of infiltration assisted by the device were analysed by simulating a torrential rain in which 600 L of water were passed through the hydroinfiltrator on an olive tree which had been installed 3 years previously. Geophysical methods (electrical resistivity tomography, ERT), direct analyses of soil samples, both in situ and in the laboratory, and theoretical flow models indicated a very significant increase in soil moisture (which nearly tripled in respect to the control group) because water was absorbed into the soil quickly, preventing runoff and water erosion. The soil moisture at 20 cm depth was 2.97 times higher with the HRHS than in the control plots. In addition, olive production increased by 211% and was higher in fat yield by 177%. Moreover, the resistivity profiles, taken by ERT showed that the water that entered the soil accumulated in the root zone of the olive tree, encouraged by the preferential pathways created by the roots and away from the surface, which prevented rapid evaporation during the high temperatures of spring and summer. Here we show for the first time that the use of the hydroinfiltrator rainwater harvesting system represents a significant improvement in the use of scarce water resources caused by climate change, providing agronomic and environmental benefits for rainfed, Mediterranean agricultural systems

Los Mollisoles del sector occidental de Sierra Gador (Almería)

Los cinco perfiles de Mollisoles estudiados en el Sector occidental de la Sierra de Gádor son: Lithic vermic Haploxeroll, Entic haploxeroll, Ruptic Palexeralfic lithic Argixeroll, Entic vermic Haploxeroll y Lithic ruptic xerorthentic vermic Haploxeroll. Los factores que condicionan la existencia de este tipo de suelos son roca madre carbonatada (caliza, dolomía, margocaliza, etc.), posición fisiográfica de ladera con pendientes variables (20-60 %), vegetación de matorral, clima mediterráneo con diferentes variantes dependiendo de la altitud, régimen de humedad del suelo Xérico y de temperatura Térmico y Mésico. La secuencia de horizontes es variable. En una parte importante de los suelos, debajo del epipedón móllico se presenta un contacto lítico, en otros existe un horizonte Bw y en menor medida un horizonte Bt las texturas más comunes pertenecen a las clases francas. El contenido de carbonatos es importante salvo en el Argixeroll. El carbono orgánico se presenta en el epipedón móllico en contenidos elevados (2.3 a 6.8 %) a excepción del Entic Haploxeroll, cercano al 1 %. Son suelos de pH 8 y saturados en bases.It has been studied five soil profils clasified in the order Mollisol as Lithic ver mi e Haploxeroll, Entic Haploxeroll, Ruptic Palexeralfic lithic Argixeroll, Entic vermic Haploxeroll y Lithic ruptic xerorthentic vermic Haploxeroll.The parent material is derived from carbonated rocks (limestone, dolomite, limestone-marl, etc.). The slope grades are variables (20-60 %). The vegetation is mainly shrubbery. The climate is Mediterranean. The soil moisture regime is Xeric and soil temperature regimes are Mesic and Thermic. The soil horizon sequences are variables. Greater part of the profils have a lithic contact below the mollic epipedon, another ones have a Bw horizon and only one profil develops Bt horizon. Loam class is the most frecuent. The soil carbonate content is high except for the Argixeroll. The organic matter is high in the mollic epipedon (2.3 to 6.8 %) except for the Entic Haploxeroll (1 %). These soils are saturated in bases and its medium pH medium is near 8

Microorganisms isolated from Saharan dust intrusions in the Canary Islands and processes of mineral atmospherogenesis

Global warming due to climate change has increased the frequency of sand and dust storms that affect air quality and ecosystems in general, contributing to air pollution. The Sahara Desert is the most potent emitter of atmospheric dust. The atmosphere is an extreme environment and microorganisms living in the troposphere are exposed to greater ultraviolet radiation, desiccation, low temperatures and nutrient deprivation than in other habitats. The Iberian Peninsula, and specifically the Canary Islands—due to its strategic location—is one of the regions that receive more Saharan dust particles annually, increasing year after year, although culturable microorganisms had previously never been described. In the present work, dust samples were collected from three calima events in the Canary Islands between 2021 and 2022. The sizes, mineralogical compositions and chemical compositions of dust particles were determined by laser diffraction, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Particle morphology and biological features were also studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The mineral–bacteria interactions were described from microscopic observations, which revealed the presence of iberulites and small neoformed kaolinite crystals in association with bacteria. This article defines the term “mineral atmospherogenesis” and its variant, “mineral bioatmospherogenesis”, through microbial interaction. This is the first described case of kaolinite produced through mineral bioatmospherogenesis. The bacterial growth in atmospheric dust was illustrated in SEM images, constituting a novel finding. Twenty-three culturable microorganisms were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Members of the phyla Pseudomonadota, Bacillota and Actinomycetota have been found. Some of these microorganisms, such as Peribacillus frigoritolerans, have Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) properties. Potential human pathogenic bacteria such as Acinetobacter lwoffii were also found. The presence of desert dust and iberulites in the Canary Islands, together with transported biological components such as bacteria, could have a significant impact on the ecosystem and human health

Impacts of a hydroinfiltrator rainwater harvesting system on soil moisture regime and groundwater distribution for olive groves in semi-arid Mediterranean regions

Dry periods in semi-arid regions constitute one of the greatest hazardous features that agriculture faces. This study investigates the effects of using a new device called ‘Hydroinfiltrator Rainwater Harvesting System (HRHS) on the water balance of soils. It was designed for arid and semi-arid zones affected by long periods of drought punctuated by heavy rainstorms. The new hydroinfiltrator consists of a net-like shell filled mainly with biochar. It is cylindrical in shape, is placed vertically and is half-buried in the soil around the crop tree to facilitate the infiltration of rainwater, irrigation or runoff water deep into the soil. The experimental plot is located in Baena (Córdoba, southern Spain) in an olive grove where the hydroinfiltrator was installed in 90 olive trees while 10 were left as a control group. In the xeric climate (bordering on arid), typical of the region, soils without a hydroinfiltrator have had a low infiltration rate, which reduces the effectiveness of precipitation and significantly increases the risk of water erosion. The effects of infiltration assisted by the device were analysed by simulating a torrential rain in which 600 L of water were passed through the hydroinfiltrator on an olive tree which had been installed 3 years previously. Geophysical methods (electrical resistivity tomography, ERT), direct analyses of soil samples, both in situ and in the laboratory, and theoretical flow models indicated a very significant increase in soil moisture (which nearly tripled in respect to the control group) because water was absorbed into the soil quickly, preventing runoff and water erosion. The soil moisture at 20 cm depth was 2.97 times higher with the HRHS than in the control plots. In addition, olive production increased by 211% and was higher in fat yield by 177%. Moreover, the resistivity profiles, taken by ERT showed that the water that entered the soil accumulated in the root zone of the olive tree, encouraged by the preferential pathways created by the roots and away from the surface, which prevented rapid evaporation during the high temperatures of spring and summer. Here we show for the first time that the use of the hydroinfiltrator rainwater harvesting system represents a significant improvement in the use of scarce water resources caused by climate change, providing agronomic and environmental benefits for rainfed, Mediterranean agricultural systems

Short-term effects of spent coffee grounds on the physical properties of two Mediterranean agricultural soils

We investigated the short-term effects of spent coffee grounds on the physical properties of two Mediterranean agricultural soils (Calcisol and Luvisol). The in vitro assay was performed with two spent coffee grounds doses (60 and 240 Mg ha-1), two incubation times (30 and 60 days) and two modalities: with and without lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia). Spent coffee grounds addition increased water retention at -33 and -1500 kPa, and decreased bulk density and plant-available water content. With spent coffee grounds, the percentage of macroaggregates increased, the percentage of meso- and microaggregates decreased and the structural stability of all types of aggregates increased. The stereomicroscopy images showed that: the structural aggregates were rounded, the porosity increased by 316%, the structure was ordered into smaller aggregates, the incorporation of spent coffee grounds particles could occur in intraped cracks and spent coffee grounds particles could act as a binding agent. Scanning electron microscopy also showed that spent coffee grounds particles interacted with mineral particles and integrated into soil structure; moreover, fungal hyphae also developed on many spent coffee grounds particles. If spent coffee grounds effects are compared with those described in the literature for other organic amendments, the same trend was observed in most of the soil physical properties although with a different intensity, principally with regard to structural stability.This work was supported by project AGL2014-53895-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and by project CGL2016-80308-P from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (2015-2018)

Algunos aspectos de las relaciones fitoedáficas de los ecosistemas de Sierra Elvira (Granada). I: Zonales: Encinares, Coscojares, Piornales y Pastizales Vivaces

Con este trabajo se inicia el estudio de los suelos, la vegetación y sus relaciones con diversas especies vegetales de interés medicinal en los ecosistemas zonales de Sierra Elvira (Granada). Este primer avance se concreta en los encinares, coscojares, piornales y pastizales vivaces. Para la caracterización de los ecosistemas en sus aspectos suelo y planta, se han muestreado y analizado dos perfiles modales de suelo, uno bajo piornal y otro bajo encinar, y se han realizado diversos inventarios florísticos. En cada zona se han recogido y analizado las plantas con un posible efecto medicinal. Los suelos son de espesor moderado, textura arcilloso-esquelética, con elevado contenido de carbono orgánico (C/N de 12 a 14) y complejo de cambio saturado en bases (carbonatos libres y pH cercano a 8). Se diferencian entre sí por el desarrollo, estando más evolucionado el suelo bajo encinar. Se clasifican como Rendzinas. A nivel vegetación, Sierra Elvira pertenece en su totalidad a la serie mesomediterránea bética y marianico-monchiquense basifilia de la encina. La vegetación potencial está constituida por encinares de la asociación PaeonioQuercetum rotundifoliae.In this paper is carried out the study of soils and vegetation and their relationships with the different medicinal plant species in the zonal ecosystem of Sierra Elvira (Granada, Spain). Firstly Holm-oak woods, Kermes-oak woods, Brooms and Perennial pastures are studied. To determine the different ecosystems being in the area referring to soil and plant, two mode pro files of soil have been sampled an analysed, one of them under Kermes-oak and the other under Holm-oak, and severa! flowery inventories have been carried out. Plants with a possible medicinal effect have been collected and analyzed in every studied area. Soils can be described as follows: moderately thickness, clayey-skeletal particle-size classes, high organic carbon content (C/N 12-14) and saturated exchange-complex (free carbonates and approximately 8 pH). The difference between them is their development, being more developed the soils under Holm-oak woods. They are classifies as Rendinzas. Sierra Elvira according to its vegetation is totally included in the mesomediterranean betica and marianico-monchiquense Holm-oak serie. The potential vegetation consists of Holm-oak woods of Poeonio-Quercetum rotundi­ ¡olioe association. The medicinal or possibly medicinal plants are very numerous in these ecosystems. Among them the Asphode/us o/bus Miller subesp. o/bus is distinguished because of its high content in antraquinons. Soil and vegetation relationschips are complex due to two reasons: firstly strong anthropic actions which has deeply modified vegetation and soils, and secondly soils relationships with different factors such as relief, parent material and tim

Iberulites: giant atmospheric particles potentially inhalable

Objetivos: Estudiar en Granada (área metropolitana) las partículas atmosféricas sedimentables con énfasis en los iberulitos (partículas agregadas gigantes de génesis atmosférica potencialmente inhalables), durante el verano de 2010 en el que se produjeron 14 eventos de entrada de aire africano. Métodos: Las partículas sedimentables fueron muestreadas en régimen de “dry deposition”. Los iberulitos fueron aislados de las partículas sedimentables, en el campo de un estereomicroscopio, con ayuda de una aguja. La granulometría se determinó mediante láser, la mineralogía con difracción de Rayos-X y la morfología y composición elemental con microscopía electrónica de barrido y microanálisis acoplado. Resultados: La tasa de deposición media de partículas sedimentables fue de 57 mg m-2 día-1. El 84% (en volumen) de las partículas sedimentables tiene un tamaño entre 6 y 125 µm con 16% de partículas <10 µm, 4,1% <2,5 µm y 1,5% <1 µm. En todas las muestras de partículas sedimentables se encontraron iberulitos en un porcentaje de 3,3 ± 2,5, su forma cuasiesférica y su color rojizo. El diámetro medio de los iberulitos es de 87,9 ± 27,6 µm; el de sus partículas constituyentes está entre 0,5 y 7 µm. La composición mineralógica de las partículas sedimentables es una mezcla de dolomita, calcita, cuarzo, filosilicatos, feldespatos, yeso, halita y hematites. La composición mineralógica de los iberulitos es diferente. En las partículas sedimentables se han detectado fibras, polen y ácaros. En los iberulitos se han descrito brocosomas, frústulas de diatomeas restos de plancton, esporas bacterianas y posiblemente virus. Conclusiones: las partículas sedimentables proceden de suelos africanos y locales. Los iberulitos son generados en la atmósfera a partir de partículas minerales y restos de material biológico, de origen africano. La presencia de este material biológico convierte a los iberulitos en potenciales vectores de microorganismos patógenos y en agentes alergénicos.Objectives: To analyze the sedimentable atmospheric particulate matter and “Iberulites” (a giant aggregate particle always found in the PMS, with atmospheric genesis and inhalable) during the summer months of 2010, in which there were 14 African dust events at Granada city. Methods: The sedimentable particles were sampled in regime of “dry deposition”. Iberulites were isolated from sedimentable particles in the field of a stereomicroscope with the aid of a needle. The particle size was determined by laser, the mineralogical composition with X-ray diffraction and the morphology and the elemental composition with scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis coupled. Results: The average rate of deposition of sedimentable particles was 57 mg m-2 day-1. The 84% (by volume) of the sedimentable particles has a size between 6 and 125 µm with a 16% of particles <10 µm, 4.1 % <2.5 µm and 1.5 % <1 µm. In all the samples of sedimentable particles, Iberulites were found in a percentage of 3.3 ± 2.5. Iberulites are spherical in shape and its color is reddish. The average diameter of Iberulites is 87.9 ± 27.6 µm, its constituent particles are between 0.5 and 7 µm. The mineralogical composition of the sedimentable particles is a mix of dolomite, calcite, quartz, phyllosilicates, feldspar, gypsum, halite and hematite. The mineralogical composition of Iberulites differs from the total sedimentable particles. In the sedimentable particles, fibers, pollen and dust mites have been detected. In Iberulites we observed biological particles like remains of diatoms, marine nanoplankton, bacteria, brochosomes and it is possible that there is virus. Conclusions: The sedimentable particles come from local and African soils. Iberulites are generated in the atmosphere from mineral and biological particles coming from African soils. The existence of biological material transported from Africa makes Iberulites as potential vectors of pathogens and allergens.Junta de Andalucía. Proyectos P08-RNM-3568 y P10-RNM-629

Mar Menor: una laguna singular y sensible. Evaluación científica de su estado.

Este libro recopila las aportaciones que equipos de investigación de la Universidad de Murcia, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Instituto Geológico-Minero de España, Universidad de Alicante, el Instituto Español de Oceanografía y otros organismos hicieron en las Jornadas Científicas del Mar Menor, celebradas en diciembre de 2014.La información recogida en este libro se estructura en dos grandes bloques, uno de Biología y Ecología del Mar Menor (capítulos 1 al 8) y otro de Condiciones fisicoquímicas e impacto de actividades humanas en la laguna (capítulos 9 al 14). El primer bloque resume buena parte de los estudios ecológicos realizados en el Mar Menor, que han servido para mejorar su conocimiento y también para cambiar antiguas asunciones sobre la naturaleza y el funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas lagunares (Capítulo 1). El segundo capítulo muestra que esta laguna alberga en zonas someras de su perímetro hábitats fundamentales para mantener y conservar tanto especies migratorias como residentes, que es necesario conocer para paliar el impacto de las actividades humanas que les afectan. En este sentido la reducción de la carga de nutrientes y contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos que fluyen hacia el Mar Menor puede ayudar a preservar la laguna en mejores condiciones, bien sea tratando las escorrentías (plantas de tratamiento, humedales artificiales u otras técnicas) y recuperar este agua para uso agrícola o evitar su descarga en la laguna (Capítulo 3). Estas actuaciones serán clave para la conservación de especies emblemáticas como el caballito de mar (Capítulo 4) y reducir el impacto de las proliferaciones masivas de medusas que se producen en la laguna desde 1993 (Capítulo 5). En este mismo sentido los cambios acaecidos en la laguna han favorecido la incursión de invertebrados marinos alóctonos (Capítulo 6) y han afectado a la respuesta de la dinámica poblacional de las aves acuáticas a distintas escalas (Capítulo 7). Para completar este bloque se ofrece una perspectiva histórica de la importancia que ha tenido la investigación sobre acuicultura realizada en esta laguna, que ha servido de base para su gran desarrollo actual (Capítulo 8). El segundo bloque se inicia con una evaluación del origen y evolución del Mar Menor desde el punto de vista geológico, y evidencia su vulnerabilidad ante el deterioro que puede sufrir la desaparición de la barrera de cierre y/o su colmatación (Capítulo 9). En el Capítulo 10 se describe la relevancia que tiene la interacción de los acuíferos del Campo de Cartagena con la laguna, que se produce no sólo a nivel superficial sino también subterráneo. Esta interacción permite el acceso de nutrientes a la laguna, a pesar de la cierta capacidad de depuración de los humedales que le circundan, y también de metales traza por los aportes de residuos mineros (Capítulo 11). De hecho los metales traza están presentes en los sedimentos de la laguna, y su distribución se ha caracterizado en la columna sedimentaria relacionándola con la granulometría y el contenido de materia orgánica del sedimento (Capítulo 12). Posteriormente se describe la entrada de diversos contaminantes orgánicos, incluyendo pesticidas y fármacos a través de la rambla del Albujón, y su distribución estacional en agua y sedimento de la laguna (Capítulo 13). Este segundo bloque finaliza con el Capítulo 14 en el que se describe la bioacumulación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, pesticidas y fármacos en moluscos y peces del Mar Menor, así como los efectos biológicos que la carga contaminante que accede a través de la rambla del Albujón produce en los organismos que allí habitan. El libro concluye con un breve epílogo redactado por los editores de este libro