Structure and features of Competitiveness Index

Competitiveness is an important factor among social variables influencing youth’s health related behaviors, however the relationship between competitiveness and health behaviors is a less investigated field of research. In addition, cultural background may lead to differences in dimensions and structure of competitiveness, but only few researchers have examined this relationship thus far. Our data contained three subsamples. The first wave of data were collected in 2005, in the Southern Plain Region of Hungary, Békés and Csongrád counties. 548 questionnaires were analyzed (age range: 14-21 years; M= 16.3 years; S.D. 1.3 years; response rate: 91.3%; 42% girls). The second one was collected in 2009, in the same region, from Szeged. 501 questionnaires were analyzed (age range: 19-27 years; M=21.3 years; S.D. 1.6 years; response rate: 98,2%; 57.5% girls). Finally, the third subsample was collected in 2010 from Novi Sad, Subotica and B. Topola. 200 questionnaires were analyzed (age range: 19-34 years; M=22.67 years; S.D. 2.0 years, response rate: 95,2%; 43.5% girls). Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Questionnaires included items on sociodemographics, competitiveness and health behaviors. Factor analysis provided three factor solution with good reliability values, but different factor loadings on the subsamples. „Enjoyment of competition” factor was nearly the same in all subsamples, but the other factors were varied. Among Hungarian youth „Avoidance of social conflict” and „Fear of competition” were separate factors, while among students from Serbia making difference between arguements and competition was a more important issue. Avoidance of arguements was correlated with negative emotion (dread, unpleasant) while avoidance of competition was not. We also found differences in the relationships between competitiveness factors and health behaviors. Our study pointed out that health promotion programs should take cultural background into account

Synthesis of Axially Chiral Carboxamides via Aminocarbonylation of Aryl and Vinyl Iodides with 2,2'-Diamino-1,1'-binaphthalene in the Presence of Palladium Catalysts

Palladium-catalysed aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene and 1-iodocyclohexene with both enantiomerically pure and racemic 2,2'-diamino-1,1'-binaphthalene (BINAM) asN-nucleophile was carried out. The mono- and dicarboxamide enantiomers possessing axial chirality were synthesised using (S-ax)-BINAM. In the possession of these reference compounds the partial chiral kinetic resolution of racemic BINAM was carried out using various optically active bidentate ligands such as (2S,4S)-BDPP, (2S,3S)-CHIRAPHOS and (R)-BINAP. It was revealed by chiral HPLC measurements that up to 10 % enantiomeric excess of carboxamides can be achieved in this way. Although with low enantioselection, enantioselectve aminocarbonylation was carried out for the first time

Társas környezet, egészségmagatartás és egészség: Szegedi egyetemisták életmódjának vizsgálata szabadidős fizikai aktivitásuk tükrében

A sportolási szokásokat befolyásoló társas hatások és a sport pszichoszociális egészségre gyakorolt jótékony hatásának vizsgálata kiemelten fontos. Tanulmányunk egy olyan vizsgálatot mutat be, melyben nem testnevelés szakos egyetemisták (n=250 fő) sportolási szokását, valamint az ehhez kapcsolható életmódbeli elemeket vizsgáltuk. Arra kerestük a választ, hogy a mozgásos rekreáció milyen szerepet játszik életükben, sportolási szokásukra mi jellemző, illetve van-e összefüggés a sportolásuk és pszichoszociális egészségi állapotuk között. Vizsgáltuk továbbá a sportolás és a rizikómagatartások közötti kapcsolatot, valamint a társas környezet hatását a sportágválasztásra. Megállapítottuk, hogy a többség heti rendszerességgel sportol rekreatív hobbi szinten. A sportolók egészségi állapotukat magasabbra értékelik. A sportolási gyakoriság ebben a populációban nem mutatott összefüggést az élettel való elégedettséggel és a rizikómagatartásokkal sem. A sportágválasztásban és a sportolásban a saját döntés kiemelten fontos, úgy ahogy az iskola és a véletlen döntés is. A sportmotivációs tényezők között ebben az életkorban a szülői hatásnak kisebb szerep jut. Motivációik között külső és belső motivációk egyaránt előfordulnak

Insertion Reactions of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Monoxide Analogues: Theoretical and Synthetic Study

The reactions, which based on the application of organometallic compounds, areimportant in synthetic organic chemistry. Organometallic reagents in homogeneouscatalytic reactions open the possibility for synthetic applications which had not beenfeasible in the classical ways. One prominent example for homogeneous catalytictransformations is the activation of small molecules by insertion into metal-carbonbond. The most important field of application of the carbonyl complexes is thecarbonyl group insertion into organic molecules leading to the formation of newcarbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. Carbonyl compounds and carboxylicacid derivatives can be produced with carbon monoxide insertion in laboratory or inindustrial processes. In this way, important intermediates or products of thepharmaceutical, paint and pesticide industries can be synthesised. The molecules, which contain the amidine functional group, are remarkable inseveral fields in the synthetic organic chemistry and are of special importance in theproduction of biologically active products. Regarding the biological importance ofnucleobases, it is not surprising, that amidine-based compounds can be considered asbasic elements of pharmaceutical chemistry and the above mentioned structureoccurs in numerous agents. Recently, transition metal complexes of heterocumulene molecules wereinvestigated widely in recent decades and it was determined that carbon dioxide,sulfur dioxide and carbonyl sulfide can be activated by transition metals. Thesemolecules can react in insertion, dimerisation and disproportionation reactions.Unraveling the coordination features of small molecules can lead us toinvaluable knowledge paving the way for the development of effective catalyticsystems with high activity and selectivity. Theoretical methods are especiallysuitable to describe the donor-acceptor interactions as well as steric and electronicproperties of various ligands in transition metal complexes

Viable pathways for the oxidative addition of iodobenzene to palladium(0)-triphenylphosphinecarbonyl complexes: a theoretical study

The oxidative addition of 4-substituted iodobenzenes on Pd(0) catalysts under CO atmosphere was investigated by means of density functional calculations employing the M06//B97-D3 level of theory. The 18-electron triphenylphosphine-tricarbonyl complex was found to be the global minimum. Several coordinatively unsaturated species are predicted to be present both in N,N-dimethylformamide and toluene solution. In terms of activating iodobenzene, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) was proved to be the most active. However, due to its lower thermodynamic stability, it is slightly inferior to the Pd-triphenylphosphine- carbonyl complex, which is predicted to react with a free energy of activation of 23.2 kcal mol−1 with respect to the initial resting state tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). The effect of 4-substituents of iodobenzene on reaction energetics is also discussed. The activity of the Pd(0) catalyst was found to be governed by the donor–acceptor strength of the ancillary ligands: the barrier decreases with increasing basicity and decreasing back-donating capability

Computational Characterization of Bidentate P-Donor Ligands: Direct Comparison to Tolman’s Electronic Parameters

The applicability of two types of transition-metal carbonyl complexes as appropriate candidates for computationally derived Tolman’s ligand electronic parameters were examined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations employing the B97D3 functional. Both Pd(0)L2(CO) and HRh(I)L2(CO) complexes correlated well with the experimental Tolman Electronic Parameter scale. For direct comparison of the electronic effects of diphosphines with those of monophosphines, the palladium-containing system is recommended. The trans influence of various phosphines did not show a major difference, but the decrease of the H-Rh-P angle from linear can cause a significant change