Distortion Analysis of CMOS Based Analog Circuits

The amplifiers are the vital part of the analog circuit designs. The linearity of the CMOS is of most important concern in the design of many analog circuits. There are several aspects regarding nonlinear distortion analysis in analog circuits implemented in CMOS technology. Basically, the investigations visualize the nature of the total harmonic distortion (THD) dependence on the amplitude and frequency of the input signals. In this paper, the basic building blocks of analog integrated circuits such as Common source amplifier with diode connected load and Differential amplifier with current mirror load have been presented for distortion analysis. The MOSFET model used for simulation is BSIM3 SPICE model from 0.13-μm and BSIM4 SPICE model from 22-μm CMOS process technology. HSPICE circuit simulator tool is used for distortion analysis of CMOS circuits. It is evident that the above function gives remarkable insight of the nonlinear behavior of the considered circuits and it is worth considering for further investigations

Georeferenced soil information system: assessment of database

Land-use planning is a decision-making process that facilitates the allocation of land to different uses that provide optimal and sustainable benefit. As land-use is shaped by society–nature interaction, in land-use planning different components/facets play a significant role involving soil, water, climate, animal (ruminant/ non-ruminant) and others, including forestry and the environment needed for survival of mankind. At times these components are moderated by human interference. Thus land-use planning being a dynamic phenomenon is not guided by a single factor, but by a complex system working simultaneously,which largely affects the sustainability. To address such issues a National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) on ‘Georeferenced soil information system for land-use planning and monitoring soil and land quality for agriculture’ was undertaken to develop threshold values of land quality parameters for land-use planning through quantitative land evaluation and crop modelling for dominant cropping systems in major agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) representing rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and deep-rooted crops in the black soil regions (BSR). To assess the impact of landuse change, threshold land quality indicator values are used. A modified AESR map for agricultural landuse planning is generated for effective land-use planning

Soil information system: use and potentials in humid and semi-arid tropics

The articles presented in this special section emanated from the researches of consortium members of the National Agricultural Innovative Project (NAIP, Component 4) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. These researches have helped develop a soil information system (SIS). In view of the changing scenario all over the world, the need of the hour is to get assistance from a host of researchers specialized in soils, crops, geology, geography and information technology to make proper use of the datasets. Equipped with the essential knowledge of data storage and retrieval for management recommendations, these experts should be able to address the issues of land degradation, biodiversity, food security, climate change and ultimately arrive at an appropriate agricultural land-use planning. Moreover, as the natural resource information is an essential prerequisite for monitoring and predicting global environmental change with special reference to climate and land use options, the SIS needs to be a dynamic exercise to accommodate temporal datasets, so that subsequently it should result in the evolution of the soil information technology. The database developed through this NAIP would serve as an example of the usefulness of the Consortium and the research initiative of ICAR involving experts from different fields to find out the potentials of the soils of humid and semi-arid bioclimatic systems of the country

Metal-Substituted Microporous Aluminophosphates

This chapter aims to present the zeotypes aluminophosphates (AlPOs) as a complementary alternative to zeolites in the isomorphic incorporation of metal ions within all-inorganic microporous frameworks as well as to discuss didactically the catalytic consequences derived from the distinctive features of both frameworks. It does not intend to be a compilation of either all or the most significant publications involving metal-substituted microporous aluminophosphates. Families of AlPOs and zeolites, which include metal ion-substituted variants, are the dominant microporous materials. Both these systems are widely used as catalysts, in particular through aliovalent metal ions substitution. Here, some general description of the synthesis procedures and characterization techniques of the MeAPOs (metal-contained aluminophosphates) is given along with catalytic properties. Next, some illustrative examples of the catalytic possibilities of MeAPOs as catalysts in the transformation of the organic molecules are given. The oxidation of the hardly activated hydrocarbons has probably been the most successful use of AlPOs doped with the divalent transition metal ions Co2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+, whose incorporation in zeolites is disfavoured. The catalytic role of these MeAPOs is rationalized based on the knowledge acquired from a combination of the most advanced characterization techniques. Finally, the importance of the high specificity of the structure-directing agents employed in the preparation of MeAPOs is discussed taking N,N-methyldicyclohexylamine in the synthesis of AFI-structured materials as a driving force. It is shown how such a high specificity could be predicted and how it can open great possibilities in the control of parameters as critical in catalysis as crystal size, inter-and intracrystalline mesoporosity, acidity, redox properties, incorporation of a great variety of heteroatom ions or final environment of the metal site (surrounding it by either P or Al)

<span style="font-size: 21.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Micro-crystallographic and spectral response studies of CdSe₁_{<span style="font-size:16.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">-x</span>}<span style="font-size:21.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"> Te_xalloyed thin films </span></span>

62-68<span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Chemical deposition of CdSe1-xTex solid solution thin films from salt solutions of cadmium, selenium and tellurium derivatives of sodium sulphite at <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">70<span style="font-size:19.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">°C temperature has been presented. The quantitative analyses (EDS and spectrophotometric) showed that the film deposits are Cd rich and compared to the Te Se content is larger. The variation of xfilm with xbath is non-linear. The  XRD studies show composites to be crystalline in nature and both CdSe and CdTe existed in both hexagonal wurtzite and cubic zinc blende structures whereas CdSe1-xTex  alloys were hexgonal dominating. Both <span style="font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">wurtzite (0≤ <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif""="">x<span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">≤ 0.08) and zinc blende <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">(0 <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">≤ x <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif""="">≤ <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">0.15) phases undergo solid solution and variation in lattice parameters followed Vegard’s law. The surface topography showed diffused grain polycrystalline texture with an overgrowth developed in some cases. The spectral studies of these films gave a continuous change in the optical gap <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">(Eg <span style="font-size:15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">= 1.76 to <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.45 <span style="font-size:15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">eV ) with a band to band direct type of transitions. </span

Promising Stability of Gold-Based Catalysts Prepared by Direct Anionic Exchange for DeNO x Applications in Lean Burn Conditions

International audienc