Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy and Microscopy in Diagnosis of Obesity

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique based on the absorption of infrared radiation by matters that excite vibrations of molecular bonds. It is a powerful method for investigating structural, functional, and compositional changes in biomolecules, cells, and tissues. In recent years, scientific researchers have continued to increase the performance of this technique on clinical cases such as cancers and metabolic disorders. Obesity is one of the main factors that increases the risk of many diseases and contributes to functional disabilities in tissues such as adipose, liver, and muscle. Applications of IR spectroscopic techniques allow identifying molecular changes due to obesity, to understand the molecular mechanism of the disease, to identify specific spectral biomarkers that can be used in diagnosis. In addition, these spectral biomarkers can be used to identify the appropriate drugs and their doses for treatment. In this chapter, applications of IR spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to the characterization and understanding the obesity metabolism will be presented. The discriminatory power of these techniques in diagnosis of obesity will be discussed. In future, these novel approaches will shed light on the internal diagnosis of obesity in clinical application

A novel Covid-19 and Pneumonia Classification Method based on F-transform

Nowadays, Covid-19 is the most important disease that affects daily life globally. Therefore, many methods are offered to fight against Covid-19. In this paper, a novel fuzzy tree classification approach was introduced for Covid-19 detection. Since Covid-19 disease is similar to pneumonia, three classes of data sets such as Covid-19, pneumonia, and normal chest x-ray images were employed in this study. A novel machine learning model, which is called the exemplar model, is presented by using this dataset. Firstly, fuzzy tree transformation is applied to each used chest image, and 15 images (3-level F-tree is constructed in this work) are obtained from a chest image. Then exemplar division is applied to these images. A multi-kernel local binary pattern (MKLBP) is applied to each exemplar and image to generate features. Most valuable features are selected using the iterative neighborhood component (INCA) feature selector. INCA selects the most distinctive 616 features, and these features are forwarded to 16 conventional classifiers in five groups. These groups are decision tree (DT), linear discriminant (LD), support vector machine (SVM), ensemble, and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN). The best-resulted classifier is Cubic SVM, and it achieved 97.01% classification accuracy for this dataset.</p

A comparative histological study of alginate beads as a promising controlled release delivery for mefenamic acid

WOS: 000259813600006PubMed ID: 18720245The new mefenamic acid-alginate bead formulation prepared by ionotropic gelation method using 3 x 2(2) factorial design has shown adequate controlled release properties in vitro. In the present Study, the irritation effects of mefenamic acid (MA), a prominent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAI) drug, were evaluated on rat gastric and duodenal mucosa when suspended in 0.5% (w/v) sodiumcarboxymethyl-cellulose (NaCMC) solution and loaded in alginate beads. Wistar albino rats weighing 200 +/- 50 g were used during in vivo animal studies. In this work, biodegradable controlled release MA beads and free MA were evaluated according to the degree of gastric or duodenal damage following oral administration in rats. The gastric and duodenal mucosa was examined for any haemorrhagic changes. Formulation code A10 showing both Case II transport and zero order drug release and t(50) % value of 5.22 h was chosen for in vivo animal studies. For in vivo trials, free MA (100 mgkg(-1)), blank and MA (100 mgkg(-1)) loaded alginate beads (formulation code A 10) were suspended in 0.5% (w/v) NaCMC solution and each group was given to six rats orally by gavage. NaCMC solution was used as a control in experimental studies. In vivo data showed that the administration of MA in alginate beads prevented the gastric lesions.Ege UniversityEge University; Eczacibasi Pharm Co. Istanbul, TurkeyThis study was supported by a research grant from Ege University. The authors thank Eczacibasi Pharm Co. Istanbul, Turkey, for kindly supplying the mefenamic acid powder

Coculture model of blood-brain barrier on electrospun nanofibers

Bayir, Ece/0000-0003-4886-3860; Sendemir Urkmez, Aylin/0000-0003-1818-6651; Ozyurt, Mustafa Gorkem/0000-0003-2531-1174WOS: 000582626100001PubMed: 32922120The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a control mechanism that limits the diffusion of many substances to the central nervous system (CNS). in this study, we designed an in-vitro 3-dimensional BBB system to obtain a fast and reliable model to mimic drug delivery characteristics of the CNS. A support membrane of polycaprolactone nanofiber surfaces was prepared using electrospinning. After confirming the fiber morphology and size, endothelial cells (HUVEC) and glial cells were cultured on either side of this membrane. the model's similarity to in vivo physiology was tested with a home-designed transmembrane resistance (TR) device, with positive and negative control molecules. Finally, 2 doses of methotrexate (MTX), a chemotherapy agent, were applied to the model, and its permeability through the model was determined indirectly by a vitality test on the MCF-7 cell line. Nicotine, the positive control, completed its penetration through the model almost instantly, while albumin, the negative control, was blocked significantly even after 2 days. MTX reached a deadly threshold 24 h after application. the TR value of the model was promising, being around 260 ohm.cm2. the provided model proposes a disposable and reliable tool for investigating drug permeability through the BBB and has the potential to reduce the number of animal experiments.TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) by the 2209-A programTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK)This project was supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) by the 2209-A program. We would like to thank EBILTEM (Ege University Science and Technology Application and Research Center), Ege University Bioengineering Department Biomaterials and 3D Biointerphases Laboratories, and colleagues for supporting this project. We also thank Ege University Faculty of Medicine Oncology Department and Prof. Dr. Ayfer Haydaroglu for providing MTX and Prof. Dr. Gulperi Oktem for providing C6 glial cells

The only effects of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone for ovulation induction in the pre-implantation period of rats

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in follicular development, serum hormonal levels, and endometrium in the pre-implantation period of rats by using recombinant FSH (rFSH) without human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Methods: Thirty female rats were studied in six groups of five specimens. Two groups determined as controls (groups 1 and 2). Two groups received constant doses of rFSH (groups 3 and 4) and other two decreasing doses (groups 5 and 6). One of the paired groups was mated. Uterus, ovaries, and blood samples were taken from non-mated groups (groups 1, 3, and 5) at the proestrus period and from mated groups (groups 2, 4, and 6) in the pre-implantation period. Results: In non-mated groups antral follicles and corpus luteum periodicum and in mated groups antral follicles, corpus luteum periodicum, and corpus luteum graviditatis were increased in rFSH groups, especially in decreasing dose groups. Estradiol (E2) levels were increased and progesterone (P)/E2 ratio was significantly decreased in decreasing dose groups. Endometrium surface epithelium was columnar, irregular, and folded in rFSH groups. Endometrium glandular epithelium was cuboidal in all groups. In decreasing dose groups endometrial stroma was smooth and fibroblastic. Mitotic indices of endometrium surface, glandular epithelium, and stroma were significantly decreased in rFSH groups. Primary follicles and P levels showed no change. Conclusion: It seems likely that decreasing doses of rFSH might be used in order to improve follicular development, although it has negative effects with E2 on endometrium in the pre-implantation period of rats. © 2006 Springer-Verlag

The Relationship between ALA16VAL Single Gene Polymorphism and Renal Cell Carcinoma

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of RCC and Ala16Val polymorphism in Turkish patients with RCC. Materials and Methods. A total of 41 patients with RCC who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy in our clinic and 50 healthy volunteers living in the same geographic area were included in this study. DNA samples from serum of RCC patients and controls were genotyped for MnSOD polymorphism analysis. Genotype ratios and allele frequencies were compared between two groups and odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated statistically. A value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. There was a significant difference in the MnSOD genotype distributions between the RCC patients and the controls in terms of Ala/Ala+Ala/Val and Val/Val genotypes ( = 0.039). The Ala/Ala+Ala/Val genotypes were found significantly suspicious for RCC with an OR of 2.64 (95% CI = 1.06-6.69, = 0.039). In addition, Ala allele was found significantly suspicious for RCC with an OR of 2.26 (95% CI = 1.24-4.12, = 0.009). Conclusion. Our study indicated that MnSOD Ala16Val polymorphism may be one of the many genetic factors for renal cancer susceptibility in Turkish patients

The Relationship between ALA16VAL Single Gene Polymorphism and Renal Cell Carcinoma

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of RCC and Ala16Val polymorphism in Turkish patients with RCC. Materials and Methods. A total of 41 patients with RCC who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy in our clinic and 50 healthy volunteers living in the same geographic area were included in this study. DNA samples from serum of RCC patients and controls were genotyped for MnSOD polymorphism analysis. Genotype ratios and allele frequencies were compared between two groups and odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated statistically. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. There was a significant difference in the MnSOD genotype distributions between the RCC patients and the controls in terms of Ala/Ala+Ala/Val and Val/Val genotypes (P=0.039). The Ala/Ala+Ala/Val genotypes were found significantly suspicious for RCC with an OR of 2.64 (95% CI = 1.06–6.69, P= 0.039). In addition, Ala allele was found significantly suspicious for RCC with an OR of 2.26 (95% CI = 1.24–4.12, P= 0.009). Conclusion. Our study indicated that MnSOD Ala16Val polymorphism may be one of the many genetic factors for renal cancer susceptibility in Turkish patients

Should we start a nationwide screening program for critical congenital heart disease in Turkey? A pilot study on four centres with different altitudes

Background: To investigate the feasibility of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screening test by pulse oximetry in four geographical regions of Turkey with different altitudes, before implementation of a nationwide screening program. Methods: It was a prospective multi-centre study performed in four centres, between December, 2015 and May, 2017. Pre- and post-ductal oxygen saturations and perfusion indices (PI) were measured using Masimo Radical-7 at early postnatal days. The results were evaluated according to the algorithm recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Additionally, a PI value Results: In 4888 newborns, the mean screening time was 31.5 +/- 12.1 hours. At first attempt, the mean values of pre- and post-ductal measurements were: saturation 97.3 +/- 1.8%, PI 2.8 +/- 2.0, versus saturation 97.7 +/- 1.8%, PI 2.3 +/- 1.3, respectively. Pre-ductal saturations and PI and post-ductal saturations were the lowest in Centre 4 with the highest altitude. Overall test positivity rate was 0.85% (n = 42). CCHD was detected in six babies (0.12%). Of them, right hand (91 +/- 6.3) and foot saturations (92.1 +/- 4.3%) were lower compared to ones with non-CCHD and normal variants (p <0.05, for all comparisons). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratio of the test were: 83.3%, 99.9%, 11.9%, 99.9%, and 99.2%, respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that pulse oximetry screening is an effective screening tool for congenital heart disease in newborns at different altitudes. We support the implementation of a national screening program with consideration of altitude differences for our country