A versatile Montgomery multiplier architecture with characteristic three support

We present a novel unified core design which is extended to realize Montgomery multiplication in the fields GF(2n), GF(3m), and GF(p). Our unified design supports RSA and elliptic curve schemes, as well as the identity-based encryption which requires a pairing computation on an elliptic curve. The architecture is pipelined and is highly scalable. The unified core utilizes the redundant signed digit representation to reduce the critical path delay. While the carry-save representation used in classical unified architectures is only good for addition and multiplication operations, the redundant signed digit representation also facilitates efficient computation of comparison and subtraction operations besides addition and multiplication. Thus, there is no need for a transformation between the redundant and the non-redundant representations of field elements, which would be required in the classical unified architectures to realize the subtraction and comparison operations. We also quantify the benefits of the unified architectures in terms of area and critical path delay. We provide detailed implementation results. The metric shows that the new unified architecture provides an improvement over a hypothetical non-unified architecture of at least 24.88%, while the improvement over a classical unified architecture is at least 32.07%

Design and implementation of a fast and scalable NTT-based polynomial multiplier architecture

In this paper, we present an optimized FPGA implementation of a novel, fast and highly parallelized NTT-based polynomial multiplier architecture, which proves to be effective as an accelerator for lattice-based homomorphic cryptographic schemes. As I/O operations are as time-consuming as NTT operations during homomorphic computations in a host processor/accelerator setting, instead of achieving the fastest NTT implementation possible on the target FPGA, we focus on a balanced time performance between the NTT and I/O operations. Even with this goal, we achieved the fastest NTT implementation in literature, to the best of our knowledge. For proof of concept, we utilize our architecture in a framework for Fan-Vercauteren (FV) homomorphic encryption scheme, utilizing a hardware/software co-design approach, in which polynomial multiplication operations are offloaded to the accelerator via PCIe bus while the rest of operations in the FV scheme are executed in software running on an off-the-shelf desktop computer. Specifically, our framework is optimized to accelerate Simple Encrypted Arithmetic Library (SEAL), developed by the Cryptography Research Group at Microsoft Research, for the FV encryption scheme, where large degree polynomial multiplications are utilized extensively. The hardware part of the proposed framework targets Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA device and the proposed framework achieves almost 11x latency speedup for the offloaded operations compared to their pure software implementations

Accelerating LTV based homomorphic encryption in reconfigurable hardware

After being introduced in 2009, the first fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme has created significant excitement in academia and industry. Despite rapid advances in the last 6 years, FHE schemes are still not ready for deployment due to an efficiency bottleneck. Here we introduce a custom hardware accelerator optimized for a class of reconfigurable logic to bring LTV based somewhat homomorphic encryption (SWHE) schemes one step closer to deployment in real-life applications. The accelerator we present is connected via a fast PCIe interface to a CPU platform to provide homomorphic evaluation services to any application that needs to support blinded computations. Specifically we introduce a number theoretical transform based multiplier architecture capable of efficiently handling very large polynomials. When synthesized for the Xilinx Virtex 7 family the presented architecture can compute the product of large polynomials in under 6.25 msec making it the fastest multiplier design of its kind currently available in the literature and is more than 102 times faster than a software implementation. Using this multiplier we can compute a relinearization operation in 526 msec. When used as an accelerator, for instance, to evaluate the AES block cipher, we estimate a per block homomorphic evaluation performance of 442 msec yielding performance gains of 28.5 and 17 times over similar CPU and GPU implementations, respectively

Update on Chronic Renal Failure and New Approaches in Hypertension In High Dose Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron System Blockage

Hypertension (HT) and chronic renal failure, which is one of the end organ damges of hypertension, is a very carnmon social program resulting in significat morbidty and mortality of HT. In uncompticated HT, the traget blood pressure should be below 140/90mmHg. This value even drops down to 125/75 mmHg in case of traget organ damange When the traget values cannot be achieved , anti hypertensive durg therpy should be arranged in addition to non pharmacological therapeutic approaches such as changes in life style. individualized therapy protocals are preffered today in drug selection instead of step therapy ,which was common 30-40 years ago, taking into account the adverse effects of drugs, and the diseases accompanying HT. In recent years it is demonstated that in especially patients with chronic renal failure accompanied by proteinuria. the combined or high dose use of drugs inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system delays development of the renal damage, and decreases mortality and morbidity. Today, high doses of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drugs particularly used

Up-to-Date Approach to the Treatment of Hypertension

Hypertension remains one of the most important medical problems in spite of significant medical advances. In many studies, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures have been found to be closely related with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. The primary aim in the treatment of hypertension is to reduce CV disease risk and the related morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is one of the most common causes of death worldwide due to its high prevalence. Because it is thought that it will be an important public health problem in the future, as it is now, the need for developing new guidelines based on new studies emerges. Individualized treatment plans based on up-to-date guidelines would be the most appropriate approach for physicians. Herein, the current approach to the treatment of hypertension has been summarized in the light of recent guidelines

AGING KIDNEY: SENESCENCE OR DISEASE?

With the increased life expectancy of humans, the physicians are faced to more and more elderly patients. Kidneys change both structurally and functionally with age. Hyalinosis of arterioles and fibrous intimal thickening of the arteries leading to sclerosis, decreased number of nephrons, increased percentage of sclerotic glomeruli, progressive interstitial fibrosis, increased renal vascular resistance, decreased glomerular filtration rate, increased filtration pressure, podocyte damage, decreased concentration ability and hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism are among these changes. The major clinical reflections of these changes are globally decreased renal function, mild proteinuria, distorted fluid and electrolyte balance with mild polyuria, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. It is still unclear whether aging alone is responsible for decline in renal function in elderly; or this deterioration is due to comorbidities common in this population. Pathogenesis of aging-related changes in renal function is not fully elucidated; but genetic factors, recurrent attacks of acute kidney injury, aggressive strategies to lower blood pressure, accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products, decreased PPAR-gamma expression, increased endothelin-1 expression, reduced nitric oxide generation and accumulation of asymmetric dimethylarginine were reported to have a role in the mechanism. Whatever this mechanism is; it is vital to treat elderly patients with great caution knowing that overtime these possible changes might occur with kidney functions

Rhabdomyolysis Developed Due to Hypothyroidism: Two Case Reports

Introduction: Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical and biochemical syndrome, resulting from the exposure of the skeletal muscle to toxic substances or from diseases. The etiology of the rhabdomyolysis consists of the hereditary deficiency of muscle enzymes; drugs like colchicine, statins, and lithium; convulsion; trauma; viral infections; excessive exercise; and so on. Hypothyroidism is a clinical setting in which thyroid hormones are produced and secreted ineffectively

Pseudoephedrine-induced Ventricular Tachycardia

Here, we report an unusual cause of ventricular tachycardia which had developed following pseudoephedrine intake. A 55 year old male patient was admitted to the emergency department with complaints of sustained palpitation. Monitorization records revealed ventricular tachycardia of 214 beats per minute. He had been suffering upper respiratory tract symptoms for the last two days. Palpitation had started an hour later following the ingestion of cold remedy drug, which included pseudoephedrine, and serious dyspnea gradually occurred. He had ischemic heart disease and peripheral arterial disease but he did not have a history of arrhythmia, any palpitation, diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Initially, lidocaine and later amiodorone infusion was administered but medical cardioversion was not successful. Sinus rhythm was provided after electrical cardioversion with 200 joule. Thereafter the patient was stable