Students' Economic Backgrounds in Meeting Living Costs of Higher Education: A Regression Analysis

Economic backgrounds of students whom demand the higher education service can become a significant criterion regarding accessibility and continuity of the service. Higher education student costs consisting of tuition and living costs can be redeemed by some education aids provided either by governments or private sector for students from a low income group and/or that are successful. In this paper, an empirical study on the effects of economic status of higher education student on bearing their living costs and its results are evaluated. According to the results obtained by testing the model, increase in family income, which is an independent variable, decreases the possibility of difficulty in bearing living costs, while the other independent variables, which are increase in economic independence in housing method of the student and increase in difficulty in covering tuition fees, increase the possibility of difficulty in bearing living costs. Keywords: Living cost, economic factors, higher education, odds ratio JEL Classifications: H52, I22, I24

First borrowing period at Ottoman Empire (1854-1876): Budget policies and consequences

The financial troubles of Ottoman Empire which started in 16th century reached its ultimate point in 19th century. The Ottoman Empire searching to get rid of these troubles directed towards making some reform activities during the Tanzimat Era. Some of the money needed for these reform activities was met via the external borrowings which the Ottoman Empire had applied reluctantly and then could not preclude. During the period of 1854-1876 which was included in the Tanzimat Era and called as the first borrowing period, the Ottoman Empire signed 15 external borrowing agreements totally. However, the loans received as a result of these agreements were not used properly and then the budget deficit could not be settled. At the end of these developments, a financial bankruptcy was experienced in the Ottoman Empire in 1876.Ottoman empire, debt, financial crisis, Tanzimat period, budget deficit

First borrowing period at Ottoman Empire (1854-1876): Budget policies and consequences

The financial troubles of Ottoman Empire which started in 16th century reached its ultimate point in 19th century. The Ottoman Empire searching to get rid of these troubles directed towards making some reform activities during the Tanzimat Era. Some of the money needed for these reform activities was met via the external borrowings which the Ottoman Empire had applied reluctantly and then could not preclude. During the period of 1854-1876 which was included in the Tanzimat Era and called as the first borrowing period, the Ottoman Empire signed 15 external borrowing agreements totally. However, the loans received as a result of these agreements were not used properly and then the budget deficit could not be settled. At the end of these developments, a financial bankruptcy was experienced in the Ottoman Empire in 1876

Tobin Tax: Arguments and Current Derivative Studies

Tobin Tax and its derivative applications have started to be discussed again in many platforms as the issue regarding taxation of short-term capital movements has become an agenda among international communities such as European Union (EU) and G20 since the beginning of 2000s. In this study, Tobin Tax, which is the first significant step towards taxation of foreign currency transactions, has been discussed theoretically and considering its possible effects on application. Also, in this context, the initiatives of countries such as USA, Belgium, France and Austria regarding international implementation of Tobin Tax and its derivatives are being evaluated. The intended use of the taxes, determination of transactions exempt from tax and international cooperation in the implementation of taxation are possible problems that can be faced regarding Tobin Tax. In this study the conclusion, which the effects of Tobin Tax in developing and developed countries will be different but imposing such tax regarding cyclic balance of the world economy will be a positive improvement, has been reached

Determining the causal relationships among entrepreneurship, educational attainment and per capita GDP in high-income OECD countries

The entrepreneurship has been evaluated as playing a central role in explaining economic growth by many economists and policy makers. This role has recently been the subject of a growing literature. However, entrepreneurship literature generally has been focused on evaluating the effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth. This study will evaluate the causal relationships among women’s and men’s entrepreneurship, women’s and men’s educational attainment and per capita GDP in 20 high-income OECD countries over the period 2001-2011. To do this, applying the Granger panel non-causality test, the empirical findings of the study showed that there exists a unidirectional causal relationship running from women’s entrepreneurship to women’s educational attainment. Thus, the findings showed that the women entrepreneurship is a reason for increased women’s educational attainment. In addition, the findings showed that per capita GDP is important source for the total entrepreneurship activities as well as women’s and men’s educational attainment