19 research outputs found
CarbonâEnriched Amorphous Hydrogenated Boron Carbide Films for VeryâLowâk Interlayer Dielectrics
A longstanding challenge in ultralargeâscale integration has been the continued improvement in lowâdielectricâconstant (lowâk) interlayer dielectric materials and other specialized layers in backâendâofâtheâline interconnect fabrication. Modeled after the success of carbonâcontaining organosilicate materials, carbonâenriched amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide (aâBxC:Hy) films are grown by plasmaâenhanced chemical vapor deposition from orthoâcarborane and methane. These films contain more extraicosahedral sp3 hydrocarbon groups than nonenriched aâBxC:Hy films, as revealed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and also exhibit lower dielectric constants than their nonenriched counterparts, notably due to low densities combined with a low distortion and orientation contribution to the total polarizability. Films with dielectric constant as low as 2.5 are reported with excellent electrical stability (leakage current of 10â9 A cmâ2 at 2 MV cmâ1 and breakdown voltage of >6 MV cmâ1), good thermal conductivity of 0.31 Âą 0.03 W mâ1 Kâ1, and high projected Youngâs modulus of 12 Âą 3 GPa. These properties rival those of leading SiOC:H materials, and position aâBxC:Hy as an important complement to traditional Siâbased materials to meet the complex needs of nextâgeneration interconnect fabrication.Carbonâenriched amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide films are demonstrated with dielectric constant (k) as low as 2.5âattributed to low densities combined with networkârigidifying CH2 bridging groupsâas well as excellent electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, rivaling those of stateâofâtheâart siliconâbased lowâk dielectric materials.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141869/1/aelm201700116_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141869/2/aelm201700116.pd
Spectroscopic analysis of interactions between alkylated silanes and alumina nanoporous membranes
Transport across alumina nanoporous membranes can be altered via surface attachment of alkylated trimethoxysilane compounds. The mechanism of attachment has been previously assumed to be monolayer silane coverage through full chemisorption regardless of reaction conditions. This chemisorption arises via covalent SiâOâAl bond formation resulting from condensation between the three putative silanols (due to hydrolysis of the three SiâOCH3 bonds) and hydroxides present on the alumina surface. If this model was correct, methanol would be produced in large quantities in the reaction solution, and the methoxy moieties would no longer be present on the silane molecule. The results presented in this paper utilized FT-IR and both solution and solid-state NMR to examine the chemical nature of octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODTMS) present on the alumina surface. The FT-IR results confirm the presence of the silane on the membrane. The 1H solution NMR results indicate small but detectable methanol production during attachment. The solid-state NMR results demonstrate that the methoxy proton NMR integrated peak intensities remain in nearly the same ratios present in the free silane, concluding that the majority of methoxy groups are intact while the silane is attached to the membrane surface. These three results suggest that monolayer surface coverage and chemisorption through full covalent bonding is not the primary means of attachment for ODTMS on the surface of alumina nanomembranes under these reaction conditions
Parallel β-Sheets and Polar Zippers in Amyloid Fibrils Formed by Residues 10â39 of the Yeast Prion Protein Ure2p
Proton-Transferring Systems Studied by Vibrational Spectroscopy and Theoretical ab Initio Calculations: The S0 and T1 States of [2,2'-Bipyridine]-3,3'-diol
Supramolecular Structure in Full-Length Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Fibrils: Evidence for a Parallel β-Sheet Organization from Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
We report constraints on the supramolecular structure of amyloid fibrils formed by the 40-residue β-amyloid peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease (Aβ1â40) obtained from solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements of intermolecular dipole-dipole couplings between 13C labels at 11 carbon sites in residues 2 through 39. The measurements are carried out under magic-angle spinning conditions, using the constant-time finite-pulse radiofrequency-driven recoupling (fpRFDR-CT) technique. We also present one-dimensional 13C magic-angle spinning NMR spectra of the labeled Aβ1â40 samples. The fpRFDR-CT data reveal nearest-neighbor intermolecular distances of 4.8 Âą 0.5 Ă
for carbon sites from residues 12 through 39, indicating a parallel alignment of neighboring peptide chains in the predominantly β-sheet structure of the amyloid fibrils. The one-dimensional NMR spectra indicate structural order at these sites. The fpRFDR-CT data and NMR spectra also indicate structural disorder in the N-terminal segment of Aβ1â40, including the first nine residues. These results place strong constraints on any molecular-level structural model for full-length β-amyloid fibrils.Validerad; 2002; 20070417 (bajo)</p
Tenofovir Containing Thiolated Chitosan Core/Shell Nanofibers: <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i> Evaluations
It is hypothesized
that thiolated chitosan (TCS) core/shell nanofibers
(NFs) can enhance the drug loading of tenofovir, a model low molecular
weight and highly water-soluble drug molecule, and improve its mucoadhesivity
and <i>in vivo</i> safety. To test this hypothesis, polyÂ(ethylene
oxide) (PEO) core with TCS and polylactic acid (PLA) shell NFs are
fabricated by a coaxial electrospinning technique. The morphology,
drug loading, drug release profiles, cytotoxicity and mucoadhesion
of the NFs are analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopies,
liquid chromatography, cytotoxicity assays on VK2/E6E7 and End1/E6E7
cell lines and <i>Lactobacilli crispatus</i>, fluorescence
imaging and periodic acid colorimetric method, respectively. <i>In vivo</i> safety studies are performed in C57BL/6 mice followed
by H&E and immunohistochemical (CD45) staining analysis of genital
tract. The mean diameters of PEO, PEO/TCS, and PEO/TCS-PLA NFs are
118.56, 9.95, and 99.53 nm, respectively. The NFs exhibit smooth surface.
The drug loading (13%â25%, w/w) increased by 10-fold compared
to a nanoparticle formulation due to the application of the electrospinning
technique. The NFs are noncytotoxic at the concentration of 1 mg/mL.
The PEO/TCS-PLA core/shell NFs mostly exhibit a release kinetic following
Weibull model (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.9914), indicating
the drug release from a matrix system. The core/shell NFs are 40â60-fold
more bioadhesive than the pure PEO based NFs. The NFs are nontoxic
and noninflammatory <i>in vivo</i> after daily treatment
for up to 7 days. Owing to their enhanced drug loading and preliminary
safety profile, the TCS core/shell NFs are promising candidates for
the topical delivery of HIV/AIDS microbicides such as tenofovir