Land Ownership and Profitability of Greenhouse Production: Antalya Case

Agricultural production and income are important for Mediterranean region of Turkey. The region and especially Antalya province is well-known with greenhouse production. For greenhouse production achieving sustainability is important for meeting domestic and foreign demand and security of production lands. In order to measure the potential for improving greenhouse operators 281 farmers were surveyed in 2015 in Antalya and profit inefficiency and factors affecting inefficiencies of operators were estimated using stochastic frontier approach. Accordingly, the average inefficiency level of operators was found as 57 %, signifying the potential for improvement. The main objective was to undermine the impact of landownership on this inefficiency level. Yet, the impact of other relevant factors referring to greenhouse structures and famers’ characteristics were estimated as well. While level of education seemed to reduce inefficiency, household size had appeared as an inefficiency rising factor referring to professional labour endowment of greenhouse production in Antalya. Being renter of land appeared as an inefficiency rising factor as well as holding plastic house or having located in the western parts of Antalya. These findings indicated importance of supporting improved production technologies and use of strengthened structures. In addition, it appeared as essential to provide incentives to renters to cope with their costs

Bakır' ın farklı yoğunluklarının Tetraselmis chuii' ye toksik etkisi ve birikimi

Bakır'ın farklı yoğunluklarının Tetraselmis chuii'ye toksik etkisi ve birikimi. Çevre kirliliğinden korunmak amacıyla son yıllarda ağır metallerin biyolojik yöntemle ortamdan alınması konusu giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Algal biyomas, endüstriyel atık sular veya diğer kaynaklardan ağır metallerin uzaklaştırılması için ekonomik olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada bir ağır metal olan bakırın alg büyümesi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Tetraselmis chuifnm, farklı yoğunluklarını içeren ortamlarda bakır biriktirme düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Kültürler, I, II, III, IV ve Volmak üzere gruplandırılmış ve $Cu^{++}$ yoğunlukları sırasıyla 3.59. $10^{-9}$ (kontrol), $5.10^{-9}, 10.10^{-9} , 15.10^{-9} ve 20.10^{-9}$ nM olarak oluşturulmuştur. T. chuii kültürlerinde büyüme ve denemenin 3, 5 ve 7. günlerinde bakır bağlama düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Denemenin sonunda kültür ortamlarına eklenen $Cu^{++}$ sebebiyle alg büyümesinde bir gerileme gözlenmemiştir. Ortalama spesifik büyüme oranları $(mu)$, beş grup için sırasıyla 0.53,0.53,0.31,0.56 ve 0.61 olarak hesaplanmış ve benzer bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Gruplar için belirlenen bakır miktarları sırasıyla 52.93,384.99,552.62,1611.08 ve 1673.96 $mu$ g metal $g^{-1}$ /kuru ağ. olarak hesaplanmış, IV. ve V. gruplarda belirtilen bakır miktarları diğer gruplara göre yüksek olmuştur. Bakır birikimi ve biyokonsantrasyon faktörleri gruplar arasında farklı bulunmuştur (p<0.05).The biological removal of heavy metals has received attention increasingly in recent years because of its potential in environment protection. Algal biomass can be utilized economically for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater or other sources. In this research the heavy metal copper and the growth of algae was focused mainly The ability of Tetraselmis chuii to accumulate copper metal in different concentrations was investigated. The cultures which were grouped I, II, III, IV and V, were exposed to Cu^ concentrations of 3.59.10-9(control), 5.10^{-9} ,10.10^{-9} ,15.10^{-9} and 20.10^{-9} nM respectively to determine the T. chuii growth and the binding levels of copper on the days of 3rd, 5th and 7th of the experiment. At the end of the study the growing of microalgae inhibition wasn't observed due to the addition of Cu++ in the culture mediums. The growth rates of the groups were found similar (p&gt;0.05) and the mean specific growth rates $(mu)$ computed for the five groups were 0.53, 0.53, 0.31, 0.56 and 0.61, respectively. The copper amounts of groups were found to be 52.93,384.99,552.62,1611.08,1673.96 $mu$ g metal $g^{-1}$ dry weight for the group I to V on 7th day. Copper uptook in group V were calculated to be 1874.47&plusmn;711.8,2173.03&plusmn;611.66 and 1673.96&plusmn;548.77 $mu$ g metal $g^{-1}$ dry weight for the days of 3rd, 5th and 7th, respectively. The amounts of copper accumulation and bioconcentration factors in the groups were found different (p&lt;0.05). It was determined that the accumulations of copper in group IV and V contained high copper concentrations were found higher than the other groups

The effects of EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetate) on the growth of thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyta) in 10nM Fe(III) concentration

Demir (Fe) biyolojik olaylarda görev yapan önemli bir eser metaldir ve pek çok organizma için hayatidir. Fe'in biyolojik olaylarda hala tam olarak bilinmeyen işlevleri, sudaki kullanılabilir formları ve alımını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi konularına katkıda bulunmak amacıyla yürütülen çalışmada, 10 nM demir (Fe) içeren modifiye F/2 ortamında, suni ligand EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetate) (100pM) nın, Thalassiosira weissflogifnm büyümesine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Denemenin yürütüldüğü ortamda, 18 ± 2 °C sıcaklık ve 80|jmol m~2 s1 aydınlanma şiddeti sürekli olacak şekilde sağlanmıştır. Denemede kullanılan deniz suyu, makro besleyiciler ve EDTA, Chelex-100 reçinesinden geçirilmiş, kullanılan bütün malzemeler ise asit ile yıkanarak eser metallerinden arındırılmıştır. Denemenin sonunda, EDTA nın, T. weissflogii kültürlerinde, hücre yoğunluğu, klorofil-a miktarı, büyüme hızı ve büyümeye paralel olarak artan pH değerlerini etkilemediği (p>0.05) saptanırken hücresel Fe miktarları arasında farklılık olduğu (p<0.05) belirlenmiştir.Being active in a number of biological events, iron (Fe) is essential trace metal, which is vital for a great many organisms. In an effort to find out a biological approach to the functions of Fe, which are not yet fully understood, and its available marine forms as well as to help determine the factors affecting Fe uptake, the effects of artificial ligand EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetate) (100jjM) on the growth of Thalassiosira weissflogii were studied in modified F/2 medium consisting of 10nM iron. An ambient temperature of 18&plusmn; 2 &deg;C and lighting intensity of 80|jmol m2 s-1 were provided during the experiment. Sea water used macro nutrients and EDTA were let through Chelex-100 resin while all other items were freed from any trace metals in acid bath. Acording to the results, it was found that in T.weissflogii culture, EDTA didn't have any effect on cell number, the number of chl-a, growth rate and the pH values which increased proportional to the growth (p&gt;0.05). It was also appeared to be a difference among cell Fe quota (p&lt;0.05)

The feeding of Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera) with different microalgae species, Isochrysis galbana Parke, Tetraselmis Chuii (Bucker), Rhinomonas reticulata (Lucas) Novamizo, Palova lutheri (Droop) green and Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck

In this study, the feeding of Brachionus plicatilis with different single cell microalgae species, Tetraselmis chuii, Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri, Chlorella vulgaris and Rhinomonas reticulata which are used widely for rotifer culture was investigated. At the first stage of the study, B. plicatilis was fed a mixture of T. chuii, C. vulgaris, I. galbana and R. reticulata the densities of which were 130x104, 650x104, 260x104 and 130x104 cell/ml respectively. The highest ingestion rate, namely 1643 cell/rot./min, was obtained with C. vulgaris. At the second stage, B. plicatilis was fed a the mixture of T. chuii and R. reticulata, of which the ingestion rates were found to be similar to those of the former stage. It was determined that B. plicatilis fed on both species at the same rate. At the third stage, R. reticulata, which had a low ingestion rate at the first stage, was supplied to B. plicatilis under both satiated and unsatiated conditions. It was found that the ingestion rates in these two cases were similar. At the fourth stage of the study, B. plicatilis was fed C. vulgaris which had the highest ingestion rate and P. lutheri which is one of the smallest microalgae species. At the end of the forth stage it was determined that the ingestion rates were similar. At the fifth and last stage B. plicatilis was fed with P. lutheri under both satiated and unsatiated conditions and it was found that the ingestion rate of 1150 cell/rot/min obtained for the unsatiated condition was higher than the 814 cell/rot/min obtained for the satiated condition.In this study, the feeding of Brachionus plicatilis with different single cell microalgae species, Tetraselmis chuii, Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri, Chlorella vulgaris and Rhinomonas reticulata which are used widely for rotifer culture was investigated. At the first stage of the study, B. plicatilis was fed a mixture of T. chuii, C. vulgaris, I. galbana and R. reticulata the densities of which were 130x104, 650x104, 260x104 and 130x104 cell/ml respectively. The highest ingestion rate, namely 1643 cell/rot./min, was obtained with C. vulgaris. At the second stage, B. plicatilis was fed a the mixture of T. chuii and R. reticulata, of which the ingestion rates were found to be similar to those of the former stage. It was determined that B. plicatilis fed on both species at the same rate. At the third stage, R. reticulata, which had a low ingestion rate at the first stage, was supplied to B. plicatilis under both satiated and unsatiated conditions. It was found that the ingestion rates in these two cases were similar. At the fourth stage of the study, B. plicatilis was fed C. vulgaris which had the highest ingestion rate and P. lutheri which is one of the smallest microalgae species. At the end of the forth stage it was determined that the ingestion rates were similar. At the fifth and last stage B. plicatilis was fed with P. lutheri under both satiated and unsatiated conditions and it was found that the ingestion rate of 1150 cell/rot/min obtained for the unsatiated condition was higher than the 814 cell/rot/min obtained for the satiated condition

Bakır' ın farklı yoğunluklarının Tetraselmis chuii' ye toksik etkisi ve birikimi

Bakır'ın farklı yoğunluklarının Tetraselmis chuii'ye toksik etkisi ve birikimi. Çevre kirliliğinden korunmak amacıyla son yıllarda ağır metallerin biyolojik yöntemle ortamdan alınması konusu giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Algal biyomas, endüstriyel atık sular veya diğer kaynaklardan ağır metallerin uzaklaştırılması için ekonomik olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada bir ağır metal olan bakırın alg büyümesi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Tetraselmis chuifnm, farklı yoğunluklarını içeren ortamlarda bakır biriktirme düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Kültürler, I, II, III, IV ve Volmak üzere gruplandırılmış ve $Cu^{++}$ yoğunlukları sırasıyla 3.59. $10^{-9}$ (kontrol), $5.10^{-9}, 10.10^{-9} , 15.10^{-9} ve 20.10^{-9}$ nM olarak oluşturulmuştur. T. chuii kültürlerinde büyüme ve denemenin 3, 5 ve 7. günlerinde bakır bağlama düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Denemenin sonunda kültür ortamlarına eklenen $Cu^{++}$ sebebiyle alg büyümesinde bir gerileme gözlenmemiştir. Ortalama spesifik büyüme oranları $(mu)$, beş grup için sırasıyla 0.53,0.53,0.31,0.56 ve 0.61 olarak hesaplanmış ve benzer bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Gruplar için belirlenen bakır miktarları sırasıyla 52.93,384.99,552.62,1611.08 ve 1673.96 $mu$ g metal $g^{-1}$ /kuru ağ. olarak hesaplanmış, IV. ve V. gruplarda belirtilen bakır miktarları diğer gruplara göre yüksek olmuştur. Bakır birikimi ve biyokonsantrasyon faktörleri gruplar arasında farklı bulunmuştur (p0.05) and the mean specific growth rates $(mu)$ computed for the five groups were 0.53, 0.53, 0.31, 0.56 and 0.61, respectively. The copper amounts of groups were found to be 52.93,384.99,552.62,1611.08,1673.96 $mu$ g metal $g^{-1}$ dry weight for the group I to V on 7th day. Copper uptook in group V were calculated to be 1874.47±711.8,2173.03±611.66 and 1673.96±548.77 $mu$ g metal $g^{-1}$ dry weight for the days of 3rd, 5th and 7th, respectively. The amounts of copper accumulation and bioconcentration factors in the groups were found different (<0.05). It was determined that the accumulations of copper in group IV and V contained high copper concentrations were found higher than the other groups