\u3ci\u3eSecret of the Golden Bough\u3c/i\u3e

Thunder and lightning lie among the branches, celestial fire sent as pledge on eart

Petrologic And Geochemical Tracers Of Magmatic Movement In Volcanic Arc Systems: Case Studies From The Aleutian Islands And Kamchatka, Russia

Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2013Mixing, crystallization and degassing commonly affect magmas during storage, ascent and eruption from volcanoes. As these interactions cannot be observed directly, they must be characterized using chemical signatures of volcanic eruptive products. In this dissertation, geochemical tracers of magma mixing, crystallization and degassing were employed to investigate the magmatic systems of Kasatochi Island volcano, central Aleutian Islands, and Bezymianny Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, in three studies. The purpose of the first study was to characterize eruptive products from the 2008 eruption of Kasatochi Island volcano. This eruption produced pumiceous, medium-K andesite, as well as denser, medium-K basaltic andesite, with variable bulk compositions (~52-56 wt. % SiO2 for the basaltic andesite, ~58-62 wt. % SiO2 for the andesite). The basaltic andesite and andesite must have resided in separate storage areas until just prior to eruption, with mixing between these magmas limited to just prior to eruption. The second study focused on basaltic andesite from the 2008 Kasatochi eruption, which contains two plagioclase phenocryst populations and anomalously calcic plagioclase microlites. Compositional heterogeneity in the basaltic andesite resulted from pre-eruptive mixing between mafic and silicic compositional end members. As the calcic plagioclase phenocrysts and microlites are out of equilibrium with groundmass glass, these phenocrysts and microlites likely crystallized mostly in the hotter (900-1000 �C) mafic mixing end member, while more sodic phenocrysts crystallized in the cooler (800- 950 �C) felsic end member. Mixing between the silicic and mafic end members imposed mafic end members imposed an undercooling on the mafic magma, triggering plagioclase microlite nucleation in these more calcic liquids. The purpose of the final study was to investigate magmatic evolution of Bezymianny Volcano in Kamchatka, Russia through analyses of major, trace and volatile element compositions of melt inclusions. Inclusions dominantly record pressures of inclusion entrapment <50-100 MPa, indicating a zone of magmatic storage 1-2 km below the surface. Degassing and crystallization during ascent and shallow storage produces negative correlations between concentrations of incompatible lithophile (K2O, Rb) and volatile (H2O, CO2) elements. Also, fluid ascent from depth leads to enrichment of shallowly-stored magma in lithium, on timescales of hours to days prior to eruption

\u3ci\u3eAnnwyn Castle\u3c/i\u3e / \u3ci\u3eDragon Sol\u3c/i\u3e / \u3ci\u3eEye of Miranda\u3c/i\u3e

Annwyn Castle: The castle turns and turns westerly, gleaming westerly, all glass and radiating rainbows. Dragon Sol: the golden blood of gods pounds in your core, searing sea of molten force Eye of Miranda: dark shepherdess of epsilon whose lightless watch and silent cyclic tre

\u3ci\u3eWalking on Royal Carpets\u3c/i\u3e / \u3ci\u3eMeteorite\u3c/i\u3e

Walking on Royal Carpets: No sun penetrates here, Holy man-light in these halls of halls Meteorite: What news did it bring crashing out of the nigh

Constraints on magma processes, subsurface conditions, and total volatile flux at Bezymianny Volcano in 2007–2010 from direct and remote volcanic gas measurements

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The role of wind in controlling the connectivity of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) populations

BACKGROUND: Larval connectivity between distinct benthic populations is essential for their persistence. Although connectivity is difficult to measure in situ, it can be predicted via models that simulate biophysical interactions between larval behaviour and ocean currents. The blue mussel (Mytilus Edulis L.) is widespread throughout the northern hemisphere and extensively commercialised worldwide. In the Irish Sea, this industry represents ~ 50% of Welsh shellfisheries, where cultivation is mainly based on wild spat. However, the main sources and amount of spat varied interannually (1100 tonnes harvest in 2014 against zero in 2018). The aim of this study is to characterise the structure and dynamics of the blue mussel metapopulation within the northern part of the Irish Sea. METHODS: We develop a Lagrangian particle tracking model, driven by a high-resolution (from 30 to 5000 m) validated unstructured coastal hydrodynamic model of the Irish Sea, to simulate spatial and temporal variability of larval dispersal and connectivity between distinct mussel populations and potential settlement areas. RESULTS: Our results showed that: (1) larvae positioned near the surface were strongly influenced by wind-driven currents suggesting that connectivity networks had the potential to span hundreds of kilometres; (2) in contrast, larvae positioned deeper in the water column were driven by tidal currents, producing intricate spatial patterns of connectivity between mussel beds over tens of kilometres that were consistent over time. CONCLUSIONS: Dispersal of mussel larvae in the tidally energetic Irish Sea during the April–May spawning season is potentially driven by wind-driven surface currents, as confirmed by fisherman observations of inter-annual variability in wild spat collection. These results have important implications for metapopulation dynamics within the context of climate change and sustainable shellfisheries management (i.e. gain and loss of populations and harvest areas according to wind conditions). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40462-022-00301-0

Efavirenz Is Predicted To Accumulate in Brain Tissue: an In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation

Adequate concentrations of efavirenz in the central nervous system (CNS) are necessary to suppress viral replication, but high concentrations may increase the likelihood of CNS adverse drug reactions. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efavirenz distribution in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain by using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) simulation for comparison with rodent and human data. The efavirenz CNS distribution was calculated using a permeability-limited model on a virtual cohort of 100 patients receiving efavirenz (600 mg once daily). Simulation data were then compared with human data from the literature and with rodent data. Wistar rats were administered efavirenz (10 mg kg of body weight(−1)) once daily over 5 weeks. Plasma and brain tissue were collected for analysis via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The median maximum concentrations of drug (C(max)) were predicted to be 3,184 ng ml(−1) (interquartile range [IQR], 2,219 to 4,851 ng ml(−1)), 49.9 ng ml(−1) (IQR, 36.6 to 69.7 ng ml(−1)), and 50,343 ng ml(−1) (IQR, 38,351 to 65,799 ng ml(−1)) in plasma, CSF, and brain tissue, respectively, giving a tissue-to-plasma ratio of 15.8. Following 5 weeks of oral dosing of efavirenz (10 mg kg(−1)), the median plasma and brain tissue concentrations in rats were 69.7 ng ml(−1) (IQR, 44.9 to 130.6 ng ml(−1)) and 702.9 ng ml(−1) (IQR, 475.5 to 1,018.0 ng ml(−1)), respectively, and the median tissue-to-plasma ratio was 9.5 (IQR, 7.0 to 10.9). Although it is useful, measurement of CSF concentrations may give an underestimation of the penetration of antiretrovirals into the brain. The limitations associated with obtaining tissue biopsy specimens and paired plasma and CSF samples from patients make PBPK modeling an attractive tool for probing drug distribution

Characterizing the tidal energy resource of the West Anglesey Demonstration Zone (UK), using TELEMAC-2D and field observations

Water Qualit