Phenolic, polysaccharidic and lipidic fractions of mushrooms from northeast Portugal: chemical compounds with antioxidant properties

Mushrooms do not constitute a significant portion of the human diet, but their consumption continues to increase due to their functional benefits and presence of bioactive compounds. Some of those compounds can be found in the phenolic, polysaccharidic and lipidic fractions of edible and inedible species. Herein, those fractions of five wild mushrooms (Coprinopsis atramentaria, Lactarius bertillonii, Lactarius vellereus, Rhodotus palmatus and Xerocomus chrysenteron) from Northeast Portugal were studied for their chemical composition and antioxidant properties. Protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and cinnamic acids were found in the phenolic fraction, ramnose, xylose, fucose, arabinose, fructose, glucose, manose, mannitol, sucrose, maltose and trehalose were quantified in polysaccharidic fraction, linoleic and stearic (only in Lactarius sp.) acids, and β- and γ-tocopherols were the main compounds in the lipidic fraction. C. atramentaria and X. chrysenteron phenolic fractions gave the highest free radical scavenging activity, reducing properties and lipid peroxidation inhibition in brain homogenates, which is in agreement with its highest content in total phenolics. Furthermore, among the polysaccharidic fractions C. atramentaria also gave the highest antioxidant activity, which is accordingly with its highest total polysaccharides content and sugars obtained after hydrolysis.The authors are grateful to Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) and COMPETE/QREN/EU (research project PTDC/AGR-ALI/110062/2009) for financial support. L. Barros (BPD/4609/2008) and S.A. Heleno (BD/70304/2010) also thank FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE. The GIP-USAL is financially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación through the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Programme (FUN-C-FOOD, CSD2007-00063), and Junta de Castilla y León (Grupo de Investigación de Excelencia, GR133)

Nutritional value and metal content profile of Greek wild edible fungi

The basic composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates and ash) and metal content profile (Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Al, As and Sn) of eight wild edible mushroom species (Boletus edulis, Boletus luridiformis, Suillus granulatus, Amanita rubescens, Macrolepiota procera, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lepista nuda and Volvariella gloiocephala) corresponding to 7 different families, from forests of West Macedonia, Greece, were determined. The dry matter content of mushrooms varied from 7.72% to 12.3%. Also, mushrooms were found to be good sources of proteins and total carbohydrates, with contents varying in the ranges 1.27–3.15, 5.33–8.41 g/100 g fresh weight (f.w.), respectively. In addition, the fat contents were very low 0.28–0.66 g/100 g f.w. The mineral elements were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and metal content of mushroom samples ranged from 743–1200 for Mg, 0.20–11.8 for Cr, 8.57–35.1 for Mn, 74.8–393 for Fe, 0.07–1.45 for Co, 0.65–5.74 for Ni, 4.75–75.2 for Cu, 60.6–101 for Zn, 0.02–1.75 for Pb and 0.08–1.31 µg g−1 for Cd. As, Sn and Al concentrations were under the detection limit of the method used. The detection limits of the method for As, Sn and Al are 0.02 µg g−1 for each element

Fabry disease due to D313Y and novel GLA mutations

Objectives Our aim is to report four novel α-gal A gene (GLA) mutations resulting in Fabry disease (FD) and provide evidence of pathogenicity of the D313Y mutation regarding which contradictory data have been presented in the literature. Setting and participants Twenty-five family members of nine unrelated patients with definite FD diagnosis, 10 clinically suspected cases and 18 members of their families were included in this polycentric cohort study. Primary and secondary outcome measures Genotyping and measurement of lyso-Gb 3 was performed in all individuals. The α-Gal A activity was measured in all men as well as plasma and urine Gb 3 concentration in selected cases. Optical and electron microscopy was performed in kidney biopsies of selected patients. All the above were evaluated in parallel with the clinical data of the patients. Results Fourteen new cases of FD were recognised, four of which were carrying already described GLA mutations. Four novel GLA mutations, namely c.835C>T, c.280T>A, c.924A>C and c.511G>A, resulting in a classic FD phenotype were identified. Moreover, FD was definitely diagnosed in five patients carrying the D313Y mutation. Eight D313Y carriers were presenting signs of FD despite not fulfilling the criteria of the disease, two had no FD signs and two others were apparently healthy. Conclusions Four novel GLA pathogenic mutations are reported and evidence of pathogenicity of the D313Y mutation is provided. It seems that the D313Y mutation is related to a later-onset milder phenotype than the typical phenotype with normal lysoGb 3 concentration. Our study underlines the significance of family member genotyping and newborn screening to avoid misdiagnoses and crucial delays in diagnosis and treatment of the disease. © Article author(s) 2017