The feasability of inertial measurement units (IMU) in capturing basic upper body motion

INTRODUCTION Three- Dimensional (3D) motion capture is accepted to be the gold standard approach to all data collection for the production of accurate data. Yet concerns over the ecological validity of 3D systems has come into question [1]. This has brought about the exploration of alternate methods such as inertial measurement units (IMU’s). The depth of research on IMU usage in wheelchair data collection is limited, particularly in comparison to an established data collection system, primarily focused around the use of IMU’s rather than validation studies aiming to ensure their reliability and accuracy. This single-subject pilot study aims to explore the feasibility of using IMU’s for capturing basic upper body motions during wheelchair propulsion. Specifically, to assess the potential limitations of IMUs in accurately measuring elbow and shoulder flexion. METHODS Several IMU (Vicon Blue Trident sensor, Vicon, Oxford, UK) placements and calibration stances were investigated for the collection of elbow flexion and shoulder flexion. The IMUs utilized were Vicon Blue Trident sensors (Vicon, Oxford, UK). IMUs were positioned at two locations for elbow flexion: at the wrist and centrally on the forearm. For shoulder flexion measurements, the IMU was situated 1 cm above the elbow joint. During the calibration phase, the participant assumed a standing anatomical position with their thumbs forwards, palms outwards, bent elbow and straight arms outwards at 90 degrees for elbow flexion and shoulder flexion respectfully. For both shoulder and elbow flexion, the participant started at a neutral position and proceeded to move through to 90 degrees of flexion and returned to starting position. Quintic biomechanical software (Quintic Biomechanics v25 Video Analysis Software, Quintic Consultancy, West Midlands, UK) was employed as the validated reference system for data comparison and analysis. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The wrist placed IMU determined elbow flexion more accurately than the forearm placed IMU. Range of motion for both shoulder and elbow flexion were well calculated within several degrees when using the anatomical thumbs forwards calibration pose; with 100.0 and 89.7° respectively compared to 88.5 and 97.3°. However, the degree of elbow flexion in relation to maximum values was overestimated with a difference of 27.8°, with the IMU being 91.1 degrees and quintic being 63.3°. Similar was also seen for the prediction of elbow flexion during the starting stance phase with a difference of 26.6 degrees. Shoulder flexion prediction was better calculated with a smaller difference of 6,6° between the IMU and Quintic for the thumbs forward calibration pose and 2.5 degrees for the palms forward calibration pose. For both shoulder and elbow flexion, the arms forward calibration stance resulted in large differences, with 14.6° and 75.1° difference in range of motion seen respectively. CONCLUSION With range of motion accurately calculated in comparison to quintic, and shoulder flexion maximum and minimum values also being similar when segment angle was calculated. Then the differences are likely due to error in the calculation of joint angle using a calculation of global coordinate system from the IMU coordinate system during data processing. Therefore, future research should target alternate approaches to data processing in order to reduce the errors seen. However, the accuracy in range of motion prediction, presents the scope for further research into the use of IMU’s in elements such as bilateral differences in range of motion during wheelchair activities. This potentially allows for their use in basic analysis of wheelchair propulsion and gives scope for investigation into factors such as ground type on basic upper body motion during wheelchair propulsion

Recommendations from recent graduates in medicine, nursing and pharmacy on improving interprofessional education in university programs: A qualitative study

Background: Interprofessional education (IPE) has been recognized as an innovative approach for the development of a collaborative, practice-ready health workforce, but is not used consistently in undergraduate health professional programs. We sought to explore the reflections of graduates on the IPE experiences they had during their undergraduate education and training. It was anticipated that having completed their pre-vocational education and spent up to two years working in a clinical environment, recent graduates would be well-placed to provide insights into the value of the IPE opportunities they had, and to suggest approaches for improving these opportunities in undergraduate programs. Methods. This study was part of a larger research project (Interprofessional Education for the Quality use of Medicines; IPE for QuM) which used focus groups as part of an interpretive research design to inform other aspects of the research. Here, we report on focus groups with recent graduates recruited from area health services across Australia. Results: Sixty-eight recent graduates working in New South Wales, Western Australia, and Tasmania participated in 12 focus group sessions. In this paper, we report on new graduates' reflections on their experiences of IPE as part of their university degree, as well as their recommendations to improve interprofessional education before graduation. The new graduates were unanimous in valuing IPE from their current perspective of being in the health workforce. Most IPE experiences recalled were regarded as positive, but those valued most highly were experiences that involved genuine engagement and opportunities to interact with students in other professions working on a relevant problem. Clinical placement was a missed opportunity with few structured meaningful interprofessional learning experiences. Surprisingly there was little social contact between professions in universities even when programs were co-located, thus reinforcing professional silos. Conclusions: The graduates provided many insightful reflections about the value of university-based IPE and their preparedness for clinical practice. Although universally acclaimed as a good idea there is much room for improvement. We put forward a set of suggestions to improve IPE and guide the design of future IPE efforts. © 2014 Gilligan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Test-retest reliability of segment kinetic energy measures in the golf swing

Analyses of segment kinetic energy (KE) can provide the most appropriate means of exploring sequential movements. As the reliability associated with its measurement has not been reported, the aim of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability of segment KE measures in the golf swing. On two occasions, seven male golfers hit five shots with three different clubs. Body segment inertia parameters were estimated for 17 rigid bodies and 3D kinematic data were collected during each swing. The magnitude and timing of peak total, linear and angular kinetic energies were then calculated for each rigid body and for four segment groups. Regardless of club type, KE was measured with high reliability for almost all rigid bodies and segment groups. However, significantly larger magnitudes of peak total (p = 0.039) and linear (p = 0.021) lower body KE were reported in test 2 than in test 1. The high reliability reported in this study provides support for the use of analyses of segment kinetic energy. However, practitioners should pay careful attention to the identification of anatomical landmarks which define the thigh, pelvis and thorax as this was the main cause of variability in repeated measures of segment kinetic energy

Clustering in the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey

We present clustering results from the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) which currently contains over 20,000 QSOs at z<3. The two-point correlation function of QSOs averaged over the entire survey (~1.5) is found to be similar to that of local galaxies. When sub-dividing the sample as a function of redshift, we find that for an Einstein-de Sitter universe QSO clustering is constant (in comoving coordinates) over the entire redshift range probed by the 2QZ, while in a universe with Omega_0=0.3 and Lambda_0=0.7 there is a marginal increase in clustering with redshift. Sub-dividing the 2QZ on the basis of apparent magnitude we find only a slight difference between the clustering of QSOs of different apparent brightness, with the brightest QSOs having marginally stronger clustering. We have made a first measurement of the redshift space distortion of QSO clustering, with the goal of determining the value of cosmological parameters (in partcular Lambda_0) from geometric distortions. The current data do not allow us to discriminate between models, however, in combination with constraints from the evolution of mass clustering we find Omega_0=1-Lambda_0=0.23 +0.44-0.13 and beta(z~1.4)=0.39 +0.18-0.17. The full 2QZ data set will provide further cosmological constraints.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures. Contributed to the 'Where's the Matter' conference in Marseille 25-29 June 200

The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey - 10K@2K!

With ~10000 QSO redshifts, the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) is already the biggest individual QSO survey. The aim for the survey is to have ~25000 QSO redshifts, providing an order of magnitude increase in QSO clustering statistics. We first describe the observational parameters of the 2dF QSO survey. We then describe several highlights of the survey so far; we present new estimates of the QSO luminosity function and the QSO correlation function. We also present the first estimate of the QSO power spectrum from the 2QZ catalogue, probing the form of the fluctuation power-spectrum out to the \~1000h-1Mpc scales only previously probed by COBE. We find a power spectrum which is steeper than the prediction of standard CDM and more consistent with the prediction of Lambda-CDM. The best-fit value for the power spectrum shape parameter for a range of cosmologies is Gamma=0.1+-0.1. Finally, we discuss how the complete QSO survey will be able to constrain the value of Omega_Lambda by combining results from the evolution of QSO clustering and from a geometric test of clustering isotropy.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, latex, eso and springer sty files included. To appear in the proceedings of the MPA/ESO/MPA conference "Mining the Sky", Garching, July 31 - August 4 2000, eds. A.J. Banday et a

First Results from the 2dF QSO redshift survey

We present some initial results from the 2dF QSO redshift survey. The aim of the survey is to produce an optically-selected catalogue of 25000 QSOs over the redshift range 0<z<3 using the 2-degree field at the Anglo-Australian Telescope.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, submitted to proceedings of ESO Deep Fields conferenc

Kinematic Profiles and Performance Insights of National-level Speed Climbers

INTRODUCTION Speed climbing, introduced as an Olympic sport in Tokyo 2020, uses a race format, where athletes ascend a standardised 15-meter wall as quickly as possible. The sport's recent growth underscores the need for a thorough understanding of the factors that influence success. Current knowledge characterises speed climbing as a rapid acceleration during the start phase, maintenance of high average velocities during the middle phase and concludes with a dyno, and a final jump to stop the timer [1]. This study investigates the relationship between performance and velocity, and acceleration profiles, aiming to elucidate techniques used by elite climbers and factors contributing to optimal performance. METHODS Two male national squad speed climbers participated in this case study. One Blue Trident IMU (Vicon, Motion Systems Ltd. Oxford, United Kingdom) was placed on the upper back of each climber. The athletes after a starting beep, climbed as quickly as possible on an internationally standard wall of 15.5 m with 31 holds (20 hand holds and 11 feet holds) and a touch pad to stop the timer. The IMUs tri-axial accelerometer (x = vertical, y = lateral, z = anteriorposterior) time series was used to calculate velocity and displacement. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Athlete A completed the speed climbing ascent in 8.72 seconds compared to 9.97 seconds for Athlete B. Athlete A demonstrated a peak acceleration of 20.6 m/s² during the start phase but experienced a notable drop from 2.9 m/s to 0.3 m/s over 0.4 seconds (Figure 1). Throughout the climb, Athlete A maintained relatively high velocities, peaking at 2.39 m/s in the mid phase and 1.47 m/s in the final stage. Athlete B achieved a peak acceleration of 17.0 m/s² during the start phase but did not exceed 0.5 m/s between 2.99- and 4.28-seconds. Athlete A’s superior start phase compared to Athlete B, indicating effective utilisation of handholds and lower limb power and emphasises the significance of generating high initial propulsion for rapid ascent [2]. During the mid and final phase, Athlete A demonstrated greater consistency in maintaining velocities. Athlete B experienced pronounced velocity drops, indicating challenges in velocity management and maintaining momentum. This is consistent with observations in climbing fluency literature, which suggests that deviations from the optimal climbing path and inefficient movement patterns can lead to energy loss and decreased performance [3]. Figure 1: Resultant displacement, velocity and acceleration during a training speed climb. CONCLUSION This study highlights the critical role of acceleration and velocity management in speed climbing success. By integrating insights from this study and leveraging IMU technology, athletes and coaches can develop targeted training strategies to enhance performance in speed climbing competitions

The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey - XII. The spectroscopic catalogue and luminosity function

We present the final catalogue of the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ), based on Anglo-Australian Telescope 2dF spectroscopic observations of 44 576 colour-selected (ubJr) objects with 18.2