中国の1997-2002-2007年接続産業連関表

序 1.1997年・2002年・2007年名目産業連関表の整理　2.統合中分類35部門の対応物価指数および最終需要のデフレーター 3.付加価値ID （Implicit Deflator） 4.中国1997-2002-2007年接続産業連関表の作成

Reconstructing seasonality through stable-isotope and trace-element analyses of the Proserpine stalagmite, Han-sur-Lesse cave, Belgium : indications for climate-driven changes during the last 400 years

Fast-growing speleothems allow for the reconstruction of palaeoclimate down to a seasonal scale. Additionally, annual lamination in some of these speleothems yields highly accurate age models for these palaeoclimate records, making these speleothems valuable archives for terrestrial climate. In this study, an annually laminated stalagmite from the Han-sur-Lesse cave (Belgium) is used to study the expression of the seasonal cycle in northwestern Europe during the Little Ice Age. More specifically, two historical 12-year-long growth periods (ca. 1593-1605 CE and 1635-1646 CE) and one modern growth period (1960-2010 CE) are analysed on a sub-annual scale for their stable-isotope ratios (delta C-13 and delta O-18) and trace-element (Mg, Sr, Ba, Zn, Y, Pb, U) contents. Seasonal variability in these proxies is confirmed with frequency analysis. Zn, Y and Pb show distinct annual peaks in all three investigated periods related to annual flushing of the soil during winter. A strong seasonal in-phase relationship between Mg, Sr and Ba in the modern growth period reflects a substantial influence of enhanced prior calcite precipitation (PCP). In particular, PCP occurs during summers when recharge of the epikarst is low. This is also evidenced by earlier observations of increased delta C-13 values during summer. In the 17th century intervals, there is a distinct antiphase relationship between Mg, Sr and Ba, suggesting that processes other than PCP, i.e. varying degrees of incongruent dissolution of dolomite, eventually related to changes in soil activity and/or land-use change are more dominant. The processes controlling seasonal variations in Mg, Sr and Ba in the speleothem appear to change between the 17th century and 1960-2010 CE. The Zn, Y, Pb, and U concentration profiles; stable-isotope ratios; and morphology of the speleothem laminae all point towards increased seasonal amplitude in cave hydrology. Higher seasonal peaks in soil-derived elements (e.g. Zn and Y) and lower concentrations of host-rock-derived elements (e.g. Mg, Sr, Ba) point towards lower residence times in the epikarst and higher flushing rates during the 17th century. These observations reflect an increase in water excess above the cave and recharge of the epikarst, due to a combination of lower summer temperatures and increased winter precipitation during the 17th century. This study indicates that the transfer function controlling Mg, Sr and Ba seasonal variability varies over time. Which process is dominant - either PCP, soil activity or dolomite dissolution - is clearly climate driven and can itself be used as a palaeoenvironment proxy

Coupled Mg/Ca and clumped isotope analyses of foraminifera provide consistent water temperatures

The reliable determination of past seawater temperature is fundamental to paleoclimate studies. We test the robustness of two paleotemperature proxies by combining Mg/Ca and clumped isotopes (Δ47) on the same specimens of core top planktonic foraminifera. The strength of this approach is that Mg/Ca and Δ47 are measured on the same specimens of foraminifera, thereby providing two independent estimates of temperature. This replication constitutes a rigorous test of individual methods with the advantage that the same approach can be applied to fossil specimens. Aliquots for Mg/Ca and clumped analyses are treated in the same manner following a modified cleaning procedure of foraminifera for trace element and isotopic analyses. We analysed eight species of planktonic foraminifera from coretop samples over a wide range of temperatures from 2 to 29°C. We provide a new clumped isotope temperature calibrations using subaqueous cave carbonates, which is consistent with recent studies. Tandem Mg/Ca–Δ47 results follow an exponential curve as predicted by temperature calibration equations. Observed deviations from the predicted Mg/Ca-Δ47 relationship are attributed to the effects of Fe-Mn oxide coatings, contamination, or dissolution of foraminiferal tests. This coupled approach provides a high degree of confidence in temperature estimates when Mg/Ca and Δ47 yield concordant results, and can be used to infer the past δ18O of seawater (δ18Osw) for paleoclimate studies

Constraining the Moho Depth Below Bhutan With Global-Phase Seismic Interferometry

We use a novel technique named global-phase seismic interferometry (GloPSI) to image the lithospheric structure, and in particular the Moho, below two parallel north-south transects belonging to the GANSSER network (2013–2014). The profiles cross the Himalayan orogenic wedge in Bhutan, a tectonically important area within the largest continent-continent collision zone on Earth that is still undergoing crustal thickening and represents a challenging imaging target for the GloPSI approach. GloPSI makes use of direct waves from distant earthquakes and receiver-side reverberations with near vertical incidence. Reflections are isolated from earthquake recordings by solving a correlation integral and are turned into a reflectivity image of the lithosphere below the arrays. Our results compare favorably with first-order features observed from a previous receiver function (RF) study. We show that a combined interpretation of GloPSI and RF results allows for a more in-depth understanding of the lithospheric structure across the orogenic wedge in Bhutan

再考日本の直接投資とアジア経済 : 国際産業連関表による分析

1.はじめに　2.通貨危機以前の生産リンケージ　1)日本の海外直接投資の特徴　3)各国聞での誘発力比較　4)貿易依存度と誘発効果　3.通貨危機後のアジア経済　1)対アジア直接投資の動向　2）貿易からみる生産リンケージ　4.むずびにかえて

Effect of initial fabric on the undrained response of clean Chlef sand

Different soil reconstitution methods lead to samples with different initial structure. This article presents a laboratory investigation which aims to study the influence of initial fabric of specimens on the undrained behaviour of clean Chlef sand subjected to triaxial compression tests. The samples tested were prepared at three level of relative densities using different deposition methods, i.e., the layered dry deposition (LDD), the tapped funnel deposition (TFD), the water deposition (WD) and the moist deposition (MD), and they were consolidated under different confining pressures. In order to evaluate the soil fabric, an analysis using X-ray µCT was conducted on three loose samples after soil reconstitution and before triaxial testing. It was found that the void ratio of the sample prepared by the MD method is slightly higher than that of samples reconstituted by the two others methods (TFD and WD). The triaxial results showed that the resulting fabric affects the behaviour of the sand. It was found that the effect of initial fabric is more pronounced at large strain where the specimens prepared by the MD method always present the lowest resistance. These findings, especially those found at loose state, are in agreement with those obtained from µCT

中国の1997-2002-2007年接続産業連関表からみた中国経済構造の推移

はじめに 1．中国の1997-2002-2007年接続産業連関表の整理およびデータ分析 1．1 国内生産額の産業別構成と伸び率 1．2 中間投入と粗付加価値 1．3 産業別の中間投入率とサービスの中間投入率 1．4 粗付加価値の構成比と伸び率 1．5 総供給・総需要・最終需要の構成比と伸び率 1．6 輸出の産業別の構成比と伸び率 2．中国経済構造の推移に関する考察 2．1 産業構造の変化 2．2 輸出における貿易構造の変化 2．3 政府消費支出の推移 2．4 家計消費支出の推移 2．5 国内固定資産の形成　おわり