Reinforcing Regulatory Regimes: How States, Civil Society, and Codes of Conduct Promote Adherence to Global Labor Standards

In response to pressure from various stakeholders, many transnational businesses have developed codes of conduct and monitoring systems to ensure that working conditions in their supply chain factories meet global labor standards. Many observers have questioned whether these codes of conduct have any impact on working conditions or are merely a marketing tool to deflect criticism of valuable global brands. Using a proprietary dataset from one of the world’s largest social auditors, containing audit-level data for 31,915 audits of 14,922 establishments in 43 countries on behalf of 689 clients in 33 countries, we conduct one of the first large-scale comparative studies of adherence to labor codes of conduct to determine what combination of institutional conditions promotes compliance with the global labor standards embodied in codes. We find that these private transnational governance tools are most effective when they are embedded in states that have made binding domestic and international legal commitments to protect workers’ rights and that have high levels of press freedom and nongovernmental organization activity. Taken together, these findings suggest the importance of multiple, robust, overlapping, and reinforcing governance regimes to meaningful transnational regulation

Épisodes d’inactivité et revenus criminels dans une trajectoire de délinquance

L’instabilité de l’activité criminelle dans le temps est déjà bien documentée. On connaît toutefois peu les circonstances qui expliquent ces variations à court terme. Une meilleure connaissance de ces facteurs est souhaitable puisqu’il est possible que les transitions et les changements à court terme précèdent les points tournants des carrières criminelles. Les conditions qui rendent compte d’une interruption temporaire des activités peuvent, par exemple, contribuer à expliquer un désistement définitif. L’étude se fonde sur les trajectoires de 172 délinquants impliqués dans des crimes à but lucratif et analyse les variations mensuelles de leurs revenus criminels ainsi que les épisodes d’inactivité criminelle à l’intérieur d’une période fenêtre de 36 mois. La méthode des calendriers d’histoire de vie combinée aux modèles hiérarchiques permet d’examiner conjointement le rôle de facteurs statiques (les caractéristiques individuelles des sujets) et dynamiques (les circonstances de vie). Les résultats mettent en évidence l’importance des événements qui marquent le style de vie des délinquants et des paramètres qui caractérisent l’engagement criminel dans la compréhension des variations dans les trajectoires à l’étude. Ils soulignent également l’importance de la finalité derrière les activités criminelles pour expliquer la décision des délinquants de cesser temporaire leurs activités illicites

How States, Markets, and Civil Society Shape Adherence to Global Labor Standards

Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Codes in Context

Resource use and costs: average annual amounts of healthcare resource use and costs per patient in CD versus non-CD cohorts (for a maximum of 10 years before and after diagnosis).

1<p>Standard error in parentheses.</p>2<p>Confidence interval in parentheses.</p

Average annual cost for prescriptions per patient by British National Formulary (BNF) category in CD versus non-CD cohorts (for a maximum of 10 years before and after diagnosis).

1<p>Standard error in parentheses.</p>2<p>confidence interval in parentheses.</p>3<p>Gluten-free and special diet products.</p

Average annual costs per patient in CD versus non-CD cohorts stratified by date of diagnosis/pseudo-diagnosis date (1987–1999; 2000–2005).

1<p>Standard error in parentheses.</p>2<p>Confidence interval in parentheses.</p

Cases selection profile.

<p>Cases selection profile.</p

Total costs before and after diagnosis (or pseudo-diagnosis) of coeliac disease.

<p>Total costs before and after diagnosis (or pseudo-diagnosis) of coeliac disease.</p

Total costs before and after diagnosis (or pseudo-diagnosis) of coeliac disease.

<p>Comparison between PRE-2000 and POST-1999 DIAGNOSIS.</p