6 research outputs found
Monitoring kinetic and frequency-domain properties of eyelid responses in mice with magnetic distance measurement technique
Classical eye-blink conditioning in mutant mice can be used to study the
molecular mechanisms underlying associative learning. To measure the
kinetic and frequency domain properties of conditioned (tone - periorbital
shock procedure) and unconditioned eyelid responses in freely moving mice,
we developed a method that allows adequate, absolute, and continuous
determination of their eyelid movements in time and space while using an
electrical shock as the unconditioned stimulus. The basic principle is to
generate a local magnetic field that moves with the animal and that is
picked up by either a field-sensitive chip or coil. With the use of this
magnetic distance measurement technique (MDMT), but not with the use of
electromyographic recordings, we were able to measure mean latency, peak
amplitude, velocity, and acceleration of unconditioned eyelid responses,
which equaled 7.9 +/- 0.2 ms, 1.2 +/- 0.02 mm, 28.5 +/- 1 mm/s, and 637
+/- 22 mm/s(2), respectively (means +/- SD). During conditioning, the mice
reached an average of 78% of conditioned responses over four training
sessions, while animals that were subjected to randomly paired conditioned
and unconditioned stimuli showed no significant increases. The mean
latency of the conditioned responses decreased from 222 +/- 40 ms in
session 2 to 127 +/- 6 ms in session 4, while their mean peak latency
increased from 321 +/- 45 to 416 +/- 67 ms. The mean peak amplitudes, peak
velocities, and peak acceleration of these responses increased from 0.62
+/- 0.02 to 0.77 +/- 0.02 mm, from 3.9 +/- 0.3 to 7.7 +/- 0.5 mm/s, and
from 81 +/- 7 to 139 +/- 10 mm/s(2), respectively. Power spectra of
acceleration records illustrated that both the unconditioned and
conditioned responses of mice had oscillatory properties with a dominant
peak frequency close to 25 Hz that was not dependent on training session,
interstimulus interval, or response size. These data show that MDMT can be
used to measure the kinetics and frequency domain properties of
conditioned eyelid responses in mice and that these properties follow the
dynamic characteristics of other mammals
Next generation roadmapping for innovation planning
Technology roadmapping approaches are increasingly being adopted (and adapted) around the world, at company, sector and national levels, since its first application in the late-1970s to support integrated product-technology planning. In the future, it is anticipated that roadmapping will be increasingly used as a core integrating mechanism for supporting strategic dialogue. This 'next generation' approach to roadmapping needs to be agile, responsive, scalable and flexible to meet the demands of an ever more competitive, global and dynamic competitive environment. In this paper, some of the design principles for next generation roadmapping are described, emphasising the need to position roadmapping at the heart of strategy and innovation
New product development warganing : a constructive way to educate design students
Wargaming is a standard training tool to prepare military officers for real life situations and to help armed forces with developing and testing military plans. Since the mid-1950s, business has also increasingly recognized that the principle of wargaming can be valuable to support planning and decision-making in business management. Various business management games have been developed since then with different purposes including the training of managers and (management) students and helping to test a business strategy. This paper explores the use of "new product development wargaming", which was developed based on the concept of the Russian Open Game and the proven practice of business wargaming by the Product Innovation group at Philips Applied Technologies. , To give new product development training to design students from Eindhoven University of Technology. The use of "new product development wargaming" as a laboratory for design education is studied