Internetzugang und Internetnutzung in der zweiten Lebenshälfte

Das Internet ist ein elementarer Bestandteil unserer modernen Gesellschaft und beeinflusst die individuelle Lebensführung in vielfacher Weise. Lebensbereiche wie Unterhaltung, Freizeit- und Alltagsplanung, finanzielle Transaktionen, der Erwerb von Gütern sowie der Kontakt zu Ämtern und der Zugang zu Beratungsleistungen werden beispielweise zunehmend mehr von internetbasierten Applikationen dominiert (Heuermann, Tomenendal, & Jürgens, 2018). Elementare Informationen zu Gesundheit, Ernährung, individueller Weiterbildung, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen und Diskursen werden vermehrt über das Netz verbreitet und diskutiert. Soziale Partizipation - sei es bei der Organisation gemeinschaftlicher Aktivitäten oder bei der Pflege individueller Beziehungen - entfaltet sich in immer größerem Maße mit Hilfe internetgestützter Kommunikationstechnologien (Klemm, 2018). Aus den oben genannten Beispielen wird ersichtlich, dass Menschen, die diese Ressourcen nicht nutzen können, in erheblicher Weise von allgemein erstrebenswerten Gütern abgeschnitten sind. Schon heute tragen Unterschiede im Internetzugang und der Art der Internetnutzung zu sozialer Ungleichheit und sozialer Exklusion bei - und verstärken künftig möglicherweise bereits bestehende soziale (z.B. sozio-ökonomische) Ungleichheiten (Calderón, 2019; Gonzales, 2016). In diesem DZA Aktuell gehen wir der Frage nach, wie ausgeprägt soziale Ungleichheiten im Zugang und der Nutzung des Internets in der zweiten Lebenshälfte sind. Dazu werden Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys aus den Erhebungswellen von 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014 und 2017 analysiert. Die Untersuchung sozialer Ungleichheiten im Zugang und in der Nutzung des Internets konzentriert sich auf Unterschiede zwischen Altersgruppen, zwischen Frauen und Männern und zwischen Menschen mit unterschiedlicher Bildung

Termination control of electronic phases in oxide thin films and interfaces: LaAlO 3/SrTiO 3(001)

A wealth of intriguing properties emerge in the seemingly simple system composed of the band insulators LaAlO 3 and SrTiO 3 such as a two-dimensional electron gas, superconductivity and magnetism. In this paper, we review the current insight obtained from first principles calculations on the mechanisms governing the behaviour of thin LaAlO 3 films on SrTiO 3(001). In particular, we explore the strong dependence of the electronic properties on the surface and interface termination, the finite film thickness, lattice polarization and defects. A further aspect that is addressed is how the electronic behaviour and functionality can be tuned by an SrTiO 3 capping layer, adsorbates and metallic contacts. Lastly, we discuss recent reports on the coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity in this system for what they might imply about the electronic structure of this system

Potential of Airborne LiDAR Derived Vegetation Structure for the Prediction of Animal Species Richness at Mount Kilimanjaro

The monitoring of species and functional diversity is of increasing relevance for the development of strategies for the conservation and management of biodiversity. Therefore, reliable estimates of the performance of monitoring techniques across taxa become important. Using a unique dataset, this study investigates the potential of airborne LiDAR-derived variables characterizing vegetation structure as predictors for animal species richness at the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. To disentangle the structural LiDAR information from co-factors related to elevational vegetation zones, LiDAR-based models were compared to the predictive power of elevation models. 17 taxa and 4 feeding guilds were modeled and the standardized study design allowed for a comparison across the assemblages. Results show that most taxa (14) and feeding guilds (3) can be predicted best by elevation with normalized RMSE values but only for three of those taxa and two of those feeding guilds the difference to other models is significant. Generally, modeling performances between different models vary only slightly for each assemblage. For the remaining, structural information at most showed little additional contribution to the performance. In summary, LiDAR observations can be used for animal species prediction. However, the effort and cost of aerial surveys are not always in proportion with the prediction quality, especially when the species distribution follows zonal patterns, and elevation information yields similar results

DFT+<i>U</i> Study of Arsenate Adsorption on FeOOH Surfaces: Evidence for Competing Binding Mechanisms

On the basis of periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations including an on-site Coulomb repulsion term <i>U</i>, we study the adsorption mechanism of arsenate on the goethite (101), akaganeite (100), and lepidocrocite (010) surfaces. Mono- and bidentate binding configurations of arsenate complexes are considered at two distinct iron surface sitesdirectly at 5-fold coordinated Fe1 and/or 4-fold coordinated Fe2 as well as involving ligand exchange. The results obtained within ab initio thermodynamics shed light on the ongoing controversy on the arsenate adsorption configuration, and we identify monodentate adsorbed arsenate complexes as stable configurations at ambient conditions with a strong preference for protonated arsenate complexes: a monodentate mononuclear complex at Fe1 (<i>d</i>_Fe1–As = 3.45 Å) at goethite (101) and a monodentate binuclear complex at Fe2 (<i>d</i>_Fe2–As = 3.29 Å) at akaganeite (100). Repulsive interactions between the complexes limit the loading capacity and promote configurations with maximized distances between the adsorbates. With decreasing oxygen pressures, a mixed adsorption of bidentate binuclear complexes at Fe1 (<i>d</i>_Fe1–As = 3.26–3.34 Å) and monodentate binuclear arsenate at Fe2 (<i>d</i>_Fe2–As = 3.31–3.50 Å) and, finally, rows of protonated bidentate complexes at Fe1 with <i>d</i>_Fe1–As = 3.55–3.59 Å are favored at α-FeOOH(101) and β-FeOOH(100). At lepidocrocite (010) with only Fe2 sites exposed, the surface phase diagram is dominated by alternating protonated monodentate binuclear complexes (<i>d</i>_Fe2–As = 3.38 Å) and hydroxyl groups. At low oxygen pressures, alternating rows of protonated bidentate mononuclear complexes (<i>d</i>_Fe2–As = 3.10 Å) and water are present. Hydrogen bond formation to surface hydroxyl groups and water plays a crucial role in the stabilization of these adsorbate configurations and together with steric effects of the oxygen lone pairs leads to tilting of the arsenate complex that significantly reduces the Fe–As distance. Our results show that the Fe–As bond length is mainly determined by the protonation state, arsenate coverage, steric effects, and hydrogen bonding to surface functional groups and to a lesser extent by the adsorption mode. This demonstrates that the Fe–As distance cannot be used as a unique criterion to discriminate between adsorption modes

Progress feedback in children and adolescents with internalizing and externalizing symptoms in routine care (OPTIE study): study protocol of a randomized parallel-group trial

Background: Progress feedback provides therapists with progress notes on a regular basis through the continuous assessment of participants throughout their treatment (e.g., symptoms, therapeutic alliance). While for adults the evidence base has increased over the years, progress feedback in the therapy of children and adolescents has not been sufficiently investigated. This manuscript describes the trial protocol of the OPTIE study: a randomized trial that tests the efficacy of a progress feedback system in children and adolescents under conditions of routine care. Methods: The study is based on a randomized parallel-group trial with two treatment groups (routine, feedback) at an outpatient unit of a university hospital. The target sample size is 439 families consisting of children and adolescents aged 6 to17 years old with internalizing and/or externalizing symptoms. Both the patients and the therapists are independently assigned to the treatment groups by stratified block randomization. In both treatment groups patients receive routine care behavioral therapy for a study-related 12 months; additionally, in the feedback group, a progress feedback system with three components is applied (monitoring, report, and supervision). For three informants (caregiver, child [>= 11 years], therapist) surveys are conducted every 6 weeks (e.g., symptoms, goals, motivation). For both treatment groups, comparison data is collected at baseline and at six and 12 months after the beginning of the intervention (pre, inter, post), and includes five informants (blinded clinician, therapist, caregiver, child [>= 11 years], teacher). Discussion: The OPTIE study will contribute to the evidence base of progress feedback in children and adolescents and has the potential to uncover treatments' effects in the small to medium range. Noteworthy features are the inclusion of children younger than 10 years old and the consideration of a blinded clinician rating

Enhanced Emotional Empathy after Mineralocorticoid Receptor Stimulation in Women with Borderline Personality Disorder and Healthy Women

The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is highly expressed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. MR have an important role in appraisal processes and in modulating stress-associated emotional reactions but it is not known whether the MR affects empathy. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by disturbed emotion regulation and alterations in empathy. In the current study, we examined whether stimulation of the MR enhances empathy in patients with BPD and healthy individuals. In a placebo-controlled study, we randomized 38 women with BPD and without psychotropic medication, and 35 healthy women to either placebo or 0.4 mg fludrocortisone, an MR agonist. Subsequently, all participants underwent two tests of social cognition, the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) and the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC), measuring cognitive and emotional facets of empathy. Eighteen BPD patients and 18 healthy women received placebo, whereas 20 BPD patients and 17 healthy women received fludrocortisone. In the MET, fludrocortisone enhanced emotional empathy across groups, whereas cognitive empathy was not affected. In the MASC, no effect of fludrocortisone could be revealed. In both tests, BPD patients and healthy women did not differ significantly in cognitive and emotional empathy and in their response to fludrocortisone. Stimulation of MR enhanced emotional empathy in healthy women and in BPD patients. Whether fludrocortisone might have a therapeutic role in psychotherapeutic processes, remains to be elucidated