Occurrence of Salmonella and Shigella in edible frogs (Hoplobatrachus spp) from Hanwa Frog market Zaria, Nigeria

Frogs have been associated with bacterial infection among those who handle them resulting in symptoms such as diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, fever and vomiting. Frogs are a rich source of proteins and they are considered a delicacy by some in Nigeria. Considering the high demand for edible frogs, it is important to determine the occurrence of Salmonella and Shigella organisms from edible frogs (Hoplobatrachus spp). Edible frogs (n=202) were collected from February to July, 2016, from the Hanwa frog market, Zaria, Kaduna State. The intestinal contents of each sampled frog were scraped into the selenite broth bottles and cultured on Deoxycholate Citrate Agar for enrichment and isolation respectively. Biochemical test and sugar fermentation tests were carried out on the suspected isolates. Overall, twenty seven 27(13.37%) of the processed samples were suggestive of Shigella, while 22(10.9%) were suspect Salmonella organisms. There was no significant association between sex of the frogs and the isolation of Shigella and Salmonella organisms, despite the high occurrence of Shigella organism (14.17%) in the males. Source wise the occurrence of Salmonella in frogs was high in Tudun Wada (20%), while Katsina (8.5%) had the least. There was also no association between source and Shigella organisms. Frogs within the weight range of 175-224g had the highest occurrence rate for Shigella isolation, while frogs of 73-125g weight range had the highest occurrence rate for Salmonella isolation. This study shows the presence of Shigella and Salmonella organisms in the intestinal contents of frogs. Therefore the unhygienic and unsanitary environment, handling and processing of frogs is of great public health concern and as such measures are to be put together to ensure safety and wholesomeness of the frog meat been sold for human consumption.Keywords: Edible, Frog, Safety, Salmonella , Shigella, Zari

Evaluation of Criteria-Based Clinical Audit in Improving Quality of Obstetric Care in a Developing Country Hospital

Study evaluated criteria–based clinical audit in measuring and improving quality of obstetric care for five life-threatening obstetric complications: obstetric haemorrhage, eclampsia, genital tract infections, obstructed labor and uterine rupture. Clinical management of 65 patients was audited using a ‘before (Phase I) and after (Phase II)’ audit cycle design using standard criteria. Following Phase I, areas inneed of improvement were identified; mechanisms for improving quality of care were identified and implemented. Overall care of the complications improved significantly in obstetric haemorrhage (61 to81%, p = 0.000), eclampsia (54.3 to 90%, p=0.00), obstructed labour (81.7 to 93.5%,

Evaluation à base de critères d'audit clinique dans la qualité d'améliorer le soin obstétrique dans un hôpital du pays en voie de développement

Study evaluated criteria–based clinical audit in measuring and improving quality of obstetric care for five life-threatening obstetric complications: obstetric haemorrhage, eclampsia, genital tract infections, obstructed labor and uterine rupture. Clinical management of 65 patients was audited using a &apos;before (Phase I) and after (Phase II)&apos; audit cycle design using standard criteria. Following Phase I, areas in need of improvement were identified; mechanisms for improving quality of care were identified and implemented. Overall care of the complications improved significantly in obstetric haemorrhage (61 to 81%, p = 0.000), eclampsia (54.3 to 90%, p=0.00), obstructed labour (81.7 to 93.5%, p<0.001) and genital tract sepsis (66 to 85.2%, p < 0.01). Clinical monitoring, drug use, and urgent attention by senior medial staff also improved significantly after intervention. Criteria-based clinical audit is feasible and acceptable for improving management of life-threatening obstetric complications. Its application is recommended in health institutions in developing countries (Afr J Reprod Health 2008; 12[3]:59-70).L&apos;étude a évalué l&apos;audit clinique basé sur des critères dans les mesures et l&apos;amélioration de la qualité de soin obstétrique pour cinq des complications obstétriques extrêmement graves : hémorragie obstétrique, éclampsie, infections des passages génitaux, accouchement entravé et la rupture utérine. La direction clinique de 65 patients a été vérifiée en se servant du modèle du cycle audit &apos;avant (Phase 1) et après (Phase II)&apos; avec des critères courants. Suivant Phase I, des régions qui ont besoin d&apos;amélioration ont été identifiées ; les mécanismes pour améliorer la qualité de soin ont été identifiées et appliquées. Le soin complet des complications s&apos;est amélioré d&apos;une manière significative dans l&apos;hémorragie obstétrique (61 a 81%, p = 0.000), éclampsie (54,3 a 90%, p = 0.00), accouchement entravé (81,7 a 93,5%, p <0.001) et la septicité du passage génital (66 à 85,2%, p < 0.01). La surveillance clinique, l&apos;usage de drogue et l&apos;attention urgente du personnel médical supérieur ont aussi amélioré significativement après l&apos;intervention. L&apos;audit clinique basé sur des critères est possible et acceptable pour améliorer la direction des complications obstétriques extrêmement graves. Son application est recommandée dans des établissements sanitaires des pays en voie de développement (Afr J Reprod Health 2008; 12[3]:59-70)

Viewpoint: medical infertility care in low income countries: the case for concern in policy and practice

Based on published, 'grey' and anecdotal information, this paper explores some aspects of infertility, its medical treatment and their burden in poor countries. Many cases of infertility result from sexually transmitted infections (STI) and unsafe abortion and there is no doubt that their prevention and adequate treatment are of utmost importance, especially as effective infertility treatment, if any, comes at a high price for the consumer, materially as well as physically. Medical infertility interventions are apt to fail a free market of provision because of major information asymmetry. This renders patients in low- resource countries prone to exploitation, potentially damaging practices and waste of their savings. The authors argue that in countries struggling with limited funds and a range of pressing public health problems, public investment in infertility treatment should not have priority. But governments should take an active role in quality control and regulation of treatment practice, as well as invest in counseling skills for lower-level reproductive health staff to achieve rational referral of patients