Pathogenicity and virulence of Ugandan isolates of common bacterial blight disease pathogen ( Xanthomonas spp.)

Breeding for resistance is a major component in the integrated management of common bacterial disease of beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Use of less virulent strains or strains with attenuated virulence may lead to selection of resistant genotypes with intermediate response, when exposed to more virulent strains of the pathogen. The objective of this study to identify and characterise Ugandan isolates of common bacterial blight disease-causing pathogens for virulence. Bacteria were isolated from leaf samples collected from districts of Kabale, Masaka, Bukomansimbi, Mubende, Mbale, Bulambuli and Apac, all in Uganda, during the first season of 2016. The bacteria were tested for pathogenicity, as well as virulence on both breeding and local varieties. The study identified three most virulent isolates, namely MBL020, KAB-3 and BUL-14, all belonging to Xathomonas citri pv fuscans. These isolates are very similar to those previously identified from Uganda (NCPB 670 and NCCPB 1402) more than 50 years ago. The study further revealed that NAROBEAN1, NAROBEAN 2, NAROBEAN 4, VAX 3, VAX5 and NE 2- 14- 8 had better resistance compared to other tested genotypes.La s\ue9lection pour la r\ue9sistance est un \ue9l\ue9ment majeur de la gestion int\ue9gr\ue9e des maladies bact\ue9riennes courantes des haricots ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). L\u2019utilisation de souches moins virulentes ou de souches \ue0 virulence att\ue9nu\ue9e peut conduire \ue0 la s\ue9lection de g\ue9notypes r\ue9sistants \ue0 r\ue9ponse interm\ue9diaire, lorsqu\u2019ils sont expos\ue9s \ue0 des souches plus virulentes du pathog\ue8ne. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude etait d\u2019identifier et de caract\ue9riser les isolats ougandais de pathog\ue8nes causant la maladie bact\ue9rienne commune pour la virulence. Des bact\ue9ries ont \ue9t\ue9 isol\ue9es \ue0 partir d\u2019\ue9chantillons de feuilles pr\ue9lev\ue9s dans les districts de Kabale, Masaka, Bukomansimbi, Mubende, Mbale, Bulambuli et Apac, tous en Ouganda, au cours de la premi\ue8re saison de 2016. Les bact\ue9ries ont \ue9t\ue9 test\ue9es pour leur pathog\ue9nicit\ue9, ainsi que leur virulence \ue0 la fois pour la reproduction et vari\ue9t\ue9s locales. L\u2019\ue9tude a identifi\ue9 les trois isolats les plus virulents, \ue0 savoir MBL020, KAB-3 et BUL-14, tous appartenant \ue0 Xathomonas citri pv fuscans. Ces isolats sont tr\ue8s similaires \ue0 ceux pr\ue9c\ue9demment identifi\ue9s en Ouganda (NCPB 670 et NCCPB 1402), il y a plus de 50 ans. L\u2019\ue9tude a en outre r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 que NAROBEAN1, NAROBEAN 2, NAROBEAN 4, VAX 3, VAX5 et NE 2- 14-8 avaient une meilleure r\ue9sistance par rapport aux autres g\ue9notypes test\ue9s

Pathophysiological mechanisms for the respiratory syncytial virus-reactive airway disease link

There is substantial epidemiological evidence supporting the concept that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection in infancy may be linked to the development of reactive airway disease (RAD) in childhood. However, much less is known concerning the mechanisms by which this self-limiting infection leads to airway dysfunction that persists long after the virus is cleared from the lungs. A better understanding of the RSV–RAD link may have important clinical implications, particularly because prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract infection may reduce the occurrence of RAD later in life. Among the mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic sequelae of RSV infection is the interaction between the subepithelial neural network of the airway mucosa and the cellular effectors of inflammatory and immune responses to the virus. The body of clinical literature linking RSV and RAD is reviewed herein, as are the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune interactions and neural remodeling that may underlie this link, and the possibility that preventing the infection may result in a decreased incidence of its chronic sequelae