Evaluating the CDMA System Using Hidden Markov and Semi Hidden Markov Models

CDMA is an important and basic part of today’s communications technologies. This technology can be analyzed efficiently by reducing the time, computation burden, and cost by characterizing the physical layer with a Markov Model. Waveform level simulation is generally used for simulating different parts of a digital communication system. In this paper, we introduce two different mathematical methods to model digital communication channels. Hidden Markov and Semi Hidden Markov models’ applications have been investigated for evaluating the DS-CDMA link performance with different parameters. Hidden Markov Models have been a powerful mathematical tool that can be applied as models of discrete-time series in many fields successfully. A semi-hidden Markov model as a stochastic process is a modification of hidden Markov models with states that are no longer unobservable and less hidden. A principal characteristic of this mathematical model is statistical inertia, which admits the generation, and analysis of observation symbol contains frequent runs. The SHMMs cause a substantial reduction in the model parameter set. Therefore in most cases, these models are computationally more efficient models compared to HMMs. After 30 iterations for different Number of Interferers, all parameters have been estimated as the likelihood become constant by the Baum Welch algorithm. It has been demonstrated that by employing these two models for different Numbers of Interferers and Number of symbols, Error sequences can be generated, which are statistically the same as the sequences derived from the CDMA simulation. An excellent match confirms both models’ reliability to those of the underlying CDMA-based physical layer

Honey and Apoptosis in Human Gastric Mucosa

Background: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in the world. Honey is acomplex mixture of special biological active constituents. Honey possesses antioxidant and antitumorproperties. Nutritional studies have indicated that consumption of honey modulates therisk of developing gastric cancer. On the other hand, apoptosis has been reported to play a decisiverole in precancerous changes. Our chief study was conducted to assess the relationship betweenconsumption of honey and apoptosis in human gastric mucosa.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 98 subjects over 18 years old, referred totwo hospitals in Tabriz, Iran. Subjects were undergone an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 62subjects were finally enrolled. Honey consumption was assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire(FFQ) and apoptosis was detected by TUNEL technique. We tested polynomial curve tofind the best fit between honey consumption and apoptosis.Results: A positive relation between honey consumption and apoptosis was found (P=0.024).Our results indicated that the final and the best fit curve was: apoptosis = 1.714+1.648(honeyamount) - 0.533(honey amount)2 +1.833×10-5(honey amount)7.Conclusion: Honey consumption had positive effects on gastric cancer by inducing apoptosis ingastric mucosa

Untersuchungen mit Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) an Oberflächen von amorphen und kristallinen Festkörpern

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war die Untersuchung amorpher und kristalliner Oberflächen mittels Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) zur Gewinnung neuer Kenntnisse über Reibung und atomare Strukturen sowie deren Abbildungsverhalten. Die neu erzielten lateralkraft-aufgelösten Strukturen der Quarzglasoberflächen (Lithosil) konnten bei Anwendung niedriger Auflagekräfte erzielt werden. Überdies wurden erstmals die atomaren Abbildungen hinsichtlich einer quantitativen Interpretation und Statistik in ihren Strukturelementen und Abständen im übereinstimmenden Vergleich mit Ergebnissen der Beugungsmethoden diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse der Rasterkraftmikroskopie am Quarzglas belegen demzufolge die Präsenz einer Nahordnung und Mittelordnung sowie der aus SiO4-Tetraeder bestehenden Ringe und Ketten. Die Ergebnisse ähneln molekular-dynamischen Simulationen der Glasoberfläche und unterstützen danach das Netzwerkstruktur-Modell. Weiterhin wurde ein metastabiles Tellurchlorid-Glas auf Nanometer- und atomarer Skala untersucht. Auf den Oberflächen der TeCl-Gläser wurde neben den charakteristischen Clusterstrukturen eine spitzeninduzierte Oberflächen-Erosion beobachtet, die auf der härteren Quarzglasoberfläche nicht auftrat. Bei den Messungen wurde ebenso die Abbildung der atomaren Struktur einer teilkristallinen Proben-oberfläche erzielt werden. Die teilweise periodischen Bereiche in der atomaren Abbildung wurden durch die Erkenntnis über den teilkristallinen Zustand der Probe mittels Röntgenbeugungsmessung bestätigt. Ergänzend wurde mit an Luft und im UHV hergestellten Kaliumchlorid (100)-Spaltoberflächen ein kristalliner Festkörper untersucht. Dabei wurden die Spalt-Topographien und die Entwicklungsvielfalt der Verdampfungsstrukturen zwischen 120°C bis 740°C charakterisiert. Diese wurden zum Teil durch Gitterfehler wie Schrauben- und Stufenversetzungen induziert. Neben dem "stick-slip"-Verhalten auf der KCl (100)-Oberfläche wurde das Kraftwechselwirkungsverhalten zwischen der Spitze und der Kaliumchloridoberfläche im elastischen und inelastischen Bereich untersucht

The Efficacy of Choosing Strategy with General Regression Neural Network on Evolutionary Markov Games

Nowadays, Evolutionary Game Theory which studies the learning model of players,has attracted more attention than before. These Games can simulate the real situationand dynamic during processing time. This paper creates the Evolutionary MarkovGames, which maps players’ strategy-choosing to a Markov Decision Processes(MDPs) with payoffs. Boltzmann distribution is used for transition probability andthe General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) simulating the strategy-choosing inEvolutionary Markov Games. Prisoner’s dilemma is a problem that uses the methodand output results showing the overlapping the human strategy-choosing line andGRNN strategy-choosing line after 48 iterations, and they choose the same strate-gies. Also, the error rate of the GRNN training by Tit for Tat (TFT) strategy is lowerthan similar work and shows a better re

Effects of Zinc Supplementation on the Anthropometric Measurements, Lipid Profiles and Fasting Blood Glucose in the Healthy Obese Adults

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of zinc supplementation on anthropometric measures, improving lipid profile biomarkers, and fasting blood glucose level in obese people. Methods: This randomized, double- blind clinical trial was carried out on 60 obese participants in the 18-45 age range for one month. The participants were randomly divided into the intervention group, who received 30 mg/d zinc gluconate, and the placebo group who received 30mg/d starch. Anthropometric measurements (body mass index (BMI), weight and waist circumference) were recorded before and at the end of study. Lipid profile biomarkers and fasting blood glucose were determined using enzymatic procedure. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) test was run to compare the post-treatment values of the two groups, and t-test was conducted to compare within group changes. Results: Serum zinc concentration was increased significantly in intervention group (p=0.024). BMI and body weight was significantly decreased (p=0.030 and p=0.020, respectively). Lipid profile biomarkers and fating blood glucose did not change significantly but triglyceride level was significantly decreased (p=0.006) in the intervention group. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that zinc supplementation improves BMI, body weight, and triglyceride concentration without considerable effects on lipid profile and glucose level. Zinc can be suggested as a suitable supplementation therapy for obese people, but more studies are needed to verify the results

The "Mohazell" herbal formula in combination with a calorie-restricted diet can improve systemic inflammation in obesity: A randomized double-blind, clinical trial

Inflammation is one of the primary mechanisms involved in the development of metabolic complications. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of "Mohazell", a traditional herbal formula consisting of Origanum vulgare, Carumcarvi, Trachyspermum copticum and Ruta Graveolen in combination with a calorie-restricted diet on biomarkers of systemic inflammation in obese adults. In this double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 68 volunteer obese (Body mass index: 30-35 kg/m2) subjects aged 25-50 years were recruited. Participants were randomly divided into two groups, an intervention group (n=34) and a placebo group (n=34). Each group received either: (1) a low-calorie diet with 3 g/day of 'Mohazell' or (2) a low-calorie diet with 3 g/day placebo for 8 weeks. Patients weight was measured, their BMI was calculated and biochemical parameters such as high Sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 were measured at baseline and after the intervention. No side effects were reported with the 'Mohazell' supplementation. 'Mohazell' decreased serum levels of TNF-α (p=0.001) and hs-CRP (p=0.04) in the treatment group. Also, IL-6 decreased insignificantly in both groups (p=0.78). Additionally, significant reductions were observed for weight, BMI, Energy and macronutrients (p<0.05). There were statistically significant differences for weight (0.023), BMI (0.046) and TNF-α (0.001) in between group analysis. The 'Mohazell' supplementation combined with a calorie-restricted diet may modulate systemic inflammatory biomarkers in obese adults. However, more studies are needed to clarify the efficacy of 'Mohazell' as an adjunct therapy to improve inflammatory parameters in obese subjects. © Mattioli 1885

Evaluation of soft tissue norms on lateral cephalograms in babol

Introduction: Soft tissue has a prominent role in diagnosis and treatment plan in orthodontics. Facial proportions are measurable on lateral cephalograms. The purpose of this study was to compare the means of the normal soft tissue proportions of babol people with the norms of Caucasians. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 cases with normal occlusion and proportional facial profile were participated from babol. After taking radiographs and tracing, the soft tissue variables were analyzed to find means and standard deviations. The data were compared with Caucasian's norms using T-test. Results: The norms of following variables in babol people were significantly different from those of Caucasians: facial convexity, nasolabial angle, upper lip thickness, chin soft tissue thickness and protrusion of lower lip. Conclusion: In babol, people have a more convex profile, more prominent nose and lower lip than caucasians

The impact of Supplementation With Fish Oil on Lipid Profile of Pregnant Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: The impact of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid during gestational period on lipid profile levels remains unknown. The objective of this trial was to investigate the impact of supplementation with fish oil on maternal lipid profile. Materials and Methods: This research was a randomized triple blinded controlled trial. The study population was comprised healthy pregnant subjects who had family records at health care centers in Tabriz, Iran. A total of 150 women who were eligible for study were randomized into two groups, one group took fish oil supplement capsules (1000 mg/day), and another group took placebo. A total of 92 women fulfilled the study which 45 participants were in the supplemented group and 47 participants were in the placebo group. Consumption of fish oil capsules and placebo was daily one capsule from the beginning of the 21th week of gestation until delivery which was about 20 weeks. At the start of trial (16th-20th weeks) and in the fifth care of gestation (during 35th-37th weeks) 3 cc blood samples collected and sent to the laboratory for evaluation of lipid profile levels. Results: Despite substantial increases in total cholesterol, triglycerides and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with advancing pregnancy, there was no statistically significant discrepancy between the intervention and placebo groups. (P = 0.345, 0.299, 0.109, respectively). Despite a significant decrease in the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol with advancing pregnancy, there was no statistically meaningful difference between two groups (P = 0.786) Conclusion: We found no effect of supplementation with fish oil during gestation on plasma lipid profile of pregnant mothers

Oleoylethanolamide Supplementation Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obese People: A Clinical Trial

Purpose: Obesity as a serious public health problem worldwide, results in the incidence of many chronic diseases. Obesity has been recognized as a chronic low-grade inflammation disorder. Altered endocannabinoid system tone is also involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of oleoylethanolamide supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress in obese people. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out on 60 healthy obese people in 2016 in Tabriz, Iran. Eligible subjects were randomly divided into intervention (received daily, two 125 mg OEA capsules) and control groups (the same amounts of starch) and treated for 8 weeks. Blood samples (5 ml) were taken in fasting state at the baseline and at the end of the study. The concentrations of MDA and TAS were measured using a spectrophotometer. A high sensitive-C reactive protein level was measured by Immunoturbidimetry assay using the commercial kit. IL-6 and TNF-α levels were assayed by the ELISA method. The differences between groups were assessed by ANCOVA and statistical significance was determined at p0.05). Conclusion: The use of OEA as a complementary pharmacotherapy agent could be effective in improving inflammation and oxidative stress in obese people. Future studies are needed to confirm the obtained results