Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

The design of the green building in construction

LEED aims to improve the environment performance and yield economic gains in building construction.Green building built to protect the environment.It is built on an area of climatic conditions affecting the constructions site buildings.The Green buildings give a more benefits in construction industry and can be categorized in three groups, such as environmental, economic and social.The design of the green building in construction is a very important for building industry. Design phase of the project in construction includes four steps, such as pre-design, concept design, design development and final design.The designer of the project should be expert or have knowledge in a green building concept.This knowledge is very important factor in gaining this quality and accuracy of the existing physical aspects of a project site.Green building design phase is essential for getting features that aid in keeping the surrounding environment. Design phase is an important phase as it affects the structure of the building to meet green building standards or otherwise

The Cardiac effect of Rapid Maxillary expansion Patients with Maxillary Deficiency

<p><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of this study is to evaluate the affect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on cardiologic parameter.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> 12 patients (4 male and 8 females) with maxillary deficiency and bilateral cross-bite were selected to this study group. Before RME 24 h Holter monitoring of electrocardiography was used on patients. The prevalence analysis of arrhythmias, mean heart rate (MHR) and ventricular premature contraction (VPC) analysis was assessed over a 24-h period. Six months after achieving successfully expansion the Holter procedure was repeated again on patients.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> VPC count per day and MHR, detected on 24 h ambulatory electrocardiography, showed significant statistical difference was present in pre and post-treatment periods. (VPC; 54.25±69.56/day, 6.50±5.98/day p&lt;0.05; MHR; 108±12/day, 82±8/day p&lt;0.05: respectively)</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The patients with maxillary deficiency may have been a potential with cardiologic abnormalities. The expansion may improve the cardiac problems by expansion.</p

Sodium Nitroprusside Treatment for Control of Decompensated Heart Failure

Hypertensive crisis is thought to be initiated by an abrupt increase in systemic vascular resistance, likely related to humoral vasoconstrictors. Left ventricular dilatation and failure may develop as a result of increased afterload due to hypertension. Left heart failure may result in secondary pulmonary hypertension by increasing pulmonary venous pressure. Here, we report the effects of sodium nitroprusside for treatment of hypertensive crisis complicated with acute left ventricular dilatation, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension in a 10-year-old female patient. This article presents a complex clinical case treated by simple medication. [Med-Science 2014; 3(2.000): 1269-76