Factors that influence the quality of final impressions for fixed dental prostheses in Nairobi, Kenya

Background: Good quality dental impressions free of air bubbles, voids, steps, drags, streaks and tears are a pre-requisite for the fabrication of well-fitting fixed dental prostheses (FDP). The quality of impressions is dependent on clinician and material factors. Aim: To evaluate factors that influence the quality of final impressions for FDP in Nairobi, Kenya.  Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 234 impressions received by five dental laboratories were analyzed. The study collected information on the type of tray, impression material, technique, type of prostheses, and clinically detectable errors, including voids, inadequate material at margins, tears, steps, drags, and streaks. Impression quality was the outcome assessed as good, fair, or poor by two investigators. The independent variables influencing impression quality included clinician specialty, experience, impression material, technique, and tray type. Results: Inter-rater agreement was 96.8% (p<0.001). Clinician experience ranged between 1-45yrs, median 13.5yrs and mean 8.39±11.96yrs. The majority were GPs, 80.8% while restorative dentists were 11.5% and other specialists, 7.7%. Most impressions were non-aqueous elastomers, 97.9% employing dual-viscosity technique, 75.6%. Impression trays included stock metal, 60.3%, stock plastic, 34.2%, and custom, 5.5%. Impression quality was good, 24.8%, fair, 37.2% or poor, 38.0%. Cumulatively, 74.5% impressions had bubbles/voids, 53.0% tears and 43.2% poor margins. Clarity of margins was associated with clinician specialty, (Fisher’s exact=9.372, p=0.047), and impression technique with impression quality, (Pearson’s ?2 = 6.385, p=0.041). Compared to restorative specialists, estimated odds of other specialists producing poor margins was 5.71, 95%CI 1.55,21.06, Wald ?2=5.24, p=0.009 while for GPs, the estimated odds was 2.19, 95%CI 0.88, 5.43, Wald ?2 = 2.86, p=0.09. Compared to dual viscosity, estimated odds of monophase giving a poor-quality impression was 1.52, 95%CI 0.83,2.78, Wald ?2 = 1.52, p=0.18. Conclusion: Most impressions were good or fair hence acceptable. Quality of impressions was influenced by clinician specialty and impression technique

Stress modulation as a means to improve yeasts for lignocellulose bioconversion

The second-generation (2G) fermentation environment for lignocellulose conversion presents unique challenges to the fermentative organism that do not necessarily exist in other industrial fermentations. While extreme osmotic, heat, and nutrient starvation stresses are observed in sugar- and starch-based fermentation environments, additional pre-treatment-derived inhibitor stress, potentially exacerbated by stresses such as pH and product tolerance, exist in the 2G environment. Furthermore, in a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) context, the organism is also challenged to secrete enzymes that may themselves lead to unfolded protein response and other stresses. This review will discuss responses of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 2G-specific stresses and stress modulation strategies that can be followed to improve yeasts for this application. We also explore published –omics data and discuss relevant rational engineering, reverse engineering, and adaptation strategies, with the view of identifying genes or alleles that will make positive contributions to the overall robustness of 2G industrial strains

Influence of different chemical treatments on the surface of Al2O3/ZrO2 nanocomposites during biomimetic coating.

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Increase In The Mortality Associated With The Presence Of Diabetes Mellitus Japanese-brazilians [incremento Na Mortalidade Associada à Presença De Diabetes Mellitus Em Nipo-brasileiros]

Objective: As part of a study involving Japanese migrants, living in a developed city in the state of S. Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, a four-year experience of mortality among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects is described and their respective death rates are compared. In 1993, a cohort of 530 Japanese-Brazilians (236 issei or 1st generation and 294 nisei or 2nd generation) of both sexes, aged 40 from to 79 years old, were identified. Research design and Method: At that time, 91 (17%) were classified as non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects (NIDDM), 90 (17%) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 349 (66%) as normal, according to WHO criteria. In 1996, families were questioned with a view detecting the deaths wich had occurred among the subjects previously studied. This information, in addition to that from death certificates was used to record the date and the causes of death. Mortality rates for all causes and for specific causes (circulatory and renal diseases) were obtained for the three groups of subjects, by glucose tolerance status. Proportional hazard regression models were used to compare the mortality rates, adjusted for several covariables (gender, age, generation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and serum creatinine). Results and Conclusions: Crude mortality rate ratios for all causes and specific causes, for NIDDM, and normal subjects were 2.95 (95% CI: 1.10 - 7.62) and 4.57 (95% CI: 1.31- 16.48), respectively. No difference was observed between the crude mortality rate ratio for IGT and normal subjects. After simultaneous adjustments for the covariates, higher mortality rates for specific causes were observed among NIDDM than in the normal subjects (mortality rates ratio: 3.86; 95% CI: 1.11 - 13.38). These results in Japanese-Brazilians are consistent with previous reports of increased mortality in other diabetic subjects, thus confirming the adverse effect of this metabolic disturbance on mortality among diabetic subjects.322118124Carter, J.S., Wiggins, C.L., Becker, T.M., Key, C.R., Samet, J.M., Diabetes mortality among New Mexico American Indian, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic populations, 1958-1987 (1993) Diabetes Care, 16, pp. 306-309Ferreira, S.G., Iunes, M., Franco, L.J., Iochida, L.C., Hirai, A., Vivolo, M.A., Disturbances of glucose and lipid metabolism in first and second generation Japanese-Brazilians (1996) Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 34, pp. 59-63Franco, L.J., Diabetes in Japanese-Brazilians - Influence of the acculturation process (1996) Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 34, pp. 51-57Franco, L.J., Iochida, L.C., Nameri, C., Pagliaro, H., Ferreira, S.R.G., De que morrem os diabéticos no Estado de São Paulo? Análise de causas múltiplas de óbito em 1992 (1995) Rev. Assoc. Lat.-Am. Diabetes, 3, p. 87. , abstract 35Fujimoto, W.Y., The growing prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in migrant Asian populations and its implications for Asia (1992) Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 15, pp. 167-184Geiss, L.S., Herman, W.H., Mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes (1995) Diabetes in America. 2nd Ed., pp. 233-257. , Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, chapter 11, NIH Publication 95-1468Gotlieb, S.L.D., Mortalidade em migrantes japoneses residentes no Município de São Paulo (1990) Rev. Saúde Pública, 24, pp. 453-467Hanis, C.L., Chu, H.L., Lawson, K., Hewett-Emmett, D., Barton, S.A., Schull, W.J., Garcia, C.A., Mortality of Mexican Americans with NIDDM (1993) Diabetes Care, 16, pp. 82-89Harris, E.K., Albert, A., (1991) Survivorship Analysis for Clinical Studies, , New York, Marcel DekkerKaplan, N.M., The deadly quartet: Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension (1989) Arch. Intern. Med., 149, pp. 1514-1520Laurenti, R., Fonseca, L.A.M., Costa Jr., M.L., Mortalidade por diabetes mellitus no Munìcípìo de São Paulo (Brasil): Evolução em um período de 79 anos (1900-1978) e análise de alguns aspectos sobre associação de causas (1982) Rev. Saúde Pública, 16, pp. 77-91Lee, E.T., Russel, D., Kenny, S., Yu, M.L., A follow-up study of diabetic Oklahoma Indians: Mortality and causes of death (1993) Diabetes Care, 16, pp. 300-305Lessa, I., Tendência da mortalidade proporcional pelo diabetes mellitus nas capitals brasileiras, 1950-1985 (1992) Bol. Oficina Sanit. Panan., 113, pp. 212-217(1980) Manual da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças, Lesões e Causas de Óbito: 9 a Revisão 1975, , São Paulo, Centro da OMS para Classificação de Doenças em Português/Organização Panamericana de SaúdeMelo, M.S., Lólio, C.A., Lucena, M.A.F., Kirzner, C.F., Martins, S.M., Barros, M.N.D.S., Causas múltiplas de morte em diabéticos no Município de Recife, 1987 (1991) Rev. Saúde Pública, 25, pp. 435-442Nelson, R.G., Knowler, W.C., Pettitt, D.J., Bennett, P.H., Kidney diseases in diabetes (1995) Diabetes in America, 2nd Ed., pp. 349-400. , Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, chapter 16, NIH Publication, 95-1468Newman, J.M., Destefano, F., Valway, S.E., German, R.R., Muneta, B., Diabetes-associated mortality in Native Americans (1993) Diabetes Care, 16, pp. 297-299Rothman, K.J., (1986) Modern Epidemiology, , Boston, Little Brown and Company(1995) STATACORP: Stata Statistical Software: Release 4.0, , College Station, TX Stata Corporation(1985) Diabetes Mellitus: Report, , Geneva, World Health Organization, 1985. WHO Technical Report Series, 727(1994) Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus, , Geneva, World Health Organization, WHO Technical Report Series, 844Wingard, D.L., Barrett-Connor, E., Heart disease and diabetes (1995) Diabetes in America. 2nd Ed., pp. 429-448. , chapter 19, NIH Publication, 95-146

Autoimmunity does not contribute to the highly prevalent glucose metabolism disturbances in a Japanese Brazilian population

The Japanese Brazilian population has one of the highest prevalences of diabetes worldwide. Despite being non-obese according to standard definitions, their body fat distribution is typically central. We investigated whether a subset of these subjects had autoantibodies that would suggest a slowly progressive form of type 1 diabetes. A total of 721 Japanese Brazilians (386 men) in the 30- to 60-year age group underwent clinical examination and laboratory procedures, including a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and determinations of serum autoantibodies. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADab) were determined by radioimmunoassay and to thyroglobulin (TGab) and thyroperoxidase (TPOab) by flow-cytometry assays. Mean body mass index was 25.2 ± 3.8 kg/m2, but waist circumference was elevated according to the Asian standards. Diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glycemia were found in 31%, 22%, and 22%, respectively, and 53% of the subjects had metabolic syndrome. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADab) was positive in 4.72%, TGab in 9.6%, and TPOab in 10% of the whole sample. When participants were stratified according to the presence of thyroid antibodies, similar frequencies of GADab were found in positive and negative groups. The prevalence rates of glucose metabolism disturbances did not differ between GADab positive and negative groups. Our data did not support the view that autoimmune injury could contribute to the high prevalence of diabetes seen in Japanese Brazilians, and the presence of co-morbidities included in the spectrum of metabolic syndrome favors the classification as type 2 diabetes