両生魚と空気呼吸魚の鰓の形態的特性について

Three air-breathers, two amphibious fishes, two sluggish water-breathers and five active or intermediately active water-breathers were compared for the gill structure, and the following results were obtained so far as the used data of these species are concerned. 1) In the ratio of the gill area to body surface area, air-breathing and amphibious fish<sluggish fish<water-breather. 2) In the total number of filaments, amphibious fish≒sluggish fish<air-breather<water-breather. 3) In the density of secondary lamella, sluggish fish<air-breather<water-breather. 4) As the ratio of the fourth to the first gill arch, in the length of secondary lamella and the filaments, air-breather<amphibious fish<water-breather. 5) In the total length of filaments and the area of secondary lamella, air-breathing and amphibious fish<sluggish fish. 6) There are environmental and respiratory differences among amphibious fishes and air-breathers, and consequently, the differences of gill structure, especially in the fourth gill arch, are indicated.両生魚類又は空気呼吸魚類の鰓の形態的特性を知るために,空気呼吸魚3種,両生魚2種,水中呼吸魚5種と不活溌(水中呼吸)魚2種について,鰓面積の媒介変数を比較した。(1) 単位体表面積当りの鰓面積に於ては,両生魚と空気呼吸魚<不活溌魚<水中呼吸魚 (2) 全鰓弁長に於ては,両生魚≒不活溌魚<空気呼吸魚<水中呼吸魚 (3) 鰓弁片密度に於ては,不活溌魚<空気呼吸魚<水中呼吸魚 (4) 第4鰓弓上の鰓弁片長・鰓弁長と第1鰓弓上の各々との比に於ては,空気呼吸魚<両生魚<水中呼吸魚 (5) 全鰓弁長と鰓弁片の面積に於ては,両生魚と空気呼吸魚<不活溌魚 (6) 空気呼吸魚の各種間にも環境や呼吸上の相違点があるから,その結果として,鰓構造の相違,特に第4鰓弓上の相違点が空気呼吸魚と両生魚の間に認められる

Nonenzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic β-hydroxyalkanephosphonates with a chiral copper catalyst

Kinetic resolution of β-hydroxyalkanephosphonates was efficiently performed by 2-fluorobenzoylation in the presence of copper(II) triflate and (R,R)-Ph-BOX as a catalyst with good s value of up to 21

Stereoselective synthesis of 3-deoxy-piperidine iminosugars from l-lysine

A new method using electrochemical oxidation and/or OsO4 oxidation has been used for the stereoselective synthesis of 2,3,6-trihydroxylated (5S)-piperidine derivatives. The electrochemical method was successively used for the conversion of N-protected piperidines to N-protected 1-methoxypiperidines and for the conversion of 2,3-didehydro-1-methoxypiperidine derivatives to 2,3-trans-1,2,3-triacetoxypiperidine derivatives. These triacetates were easily transformed into (2S,3S)-6-triacetoxy-(5S)-methylpiperidine and (2R,3R)-6-triacetoxy-(5S)-methylpiperidine. In addition, the 2,3-cis-dihydroxylation of 2,3-didehydro-1-methoxypiperidine derivatives with OsO4 afforded (2R,3S)-6-triacetoxy-(5S)-methylpiperidine and (2S,3R)-6-triacetoxy-(5S)-methylpiperidine

Efficient Oxidation of Adamantanes by Sodium Nitrite with Molecular Oxygen in Trifluoroacetic Acid

Oxidation of adamantanes by oxygen was effectively achieved by use of sodium nitrite as a catalyst in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to give 1-adamantyl trifluoroacetates, from which adamantanols were obtained in good yields. A catalytic amount of sodium nitrite was essential and TFA was the best solvent among solvents examined for this oxidation

4/3-Law of Granular Particles Flowing through a Vertical Pipe

Density waves of granular material (sand) flowing through a vertical pipe have been investigated. Clear density waves emerge when the cock attached to bottom end of the pipe is closed. The FFT power spectra were found to show a stable power-law form $P(f) \sim f^{-\alpha}.$ The value of the exponent was evaluated as $\alpha \cong 4/3$. We also introduce a simple one-dimensional model which reproduces $\alpha = 4/3$ from both simulation and theoretical analysis. (to be published in Phys.Rev.Lett.)Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, a style fil

Plasma Free Amino Acid Profiling of Five Types of Cancer Patients and Its Application for Early Detection

BACKGROUND: Recently, rapid advances have been made in metabolomics-based, easy-to-use early cancer detection methods using blood samples. Among metabolites, profiling of plasma free amino acids (PFAAs) is a promising approach because PFAAs link all organ systems and have important roles in metabolism. Furthermore, PFAA profiles are known to be influenced by specific diseases, including cancers. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the characteristics of the PFAA profiles in cancer patients and the possibility of using this information for early detection. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Plasma samples were collected from approximately 200 patients from multiple institutes, each diagnosed with one of the following five types of cancer: lung, gastric, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer. Patients were compared to gender- and age- matched controls also used in this study. The PFAA levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS). Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in the PFAA profiles between the controls and the patients with any of the five types of cancer listed above, even those with asymptomatic early-stage disease. Furthermore, multivariate analysis clearly discriminated the cancer patients from the controls in terms of the area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve (AUC of ROC >0.75 for each cancer), regardless of cancer stage. Because this study was designed as case-control study, further investigations, including model construction and validation using cohorts with larger sample sizes, are necessary to determine the usefulness of PFAA profiling. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PFAA profiling has great potential for improving cancer screening and diagnosis and understanding disease pathogenesis. PFAA profiles can also be used to determine various disease diagnoses from a single blood sample, which involves a relatively simple plasma assay and imposes a lower physical burden on subjects when compared to existing screening methods

Effectiveness of Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccines Against Symptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections During the Delta Variant Epidemic in Japan: Vaccine Effectiveness Real-time Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 (VERSUS)

Background. Although high vaccine effectiveness of messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has been reported in studies in several countries, data are limited from Asian countries, especially against the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant.Methods. We conducted a multicenter test-negative case-control study in patients aged ≥16 years visiting hospitals or clinics with signs or symptoms consistent with COVID-19 from 1 July to 30 September 2021, when the Delta variant was dominant (≥90% of SARS-CoV-2 infections) nationwide in Japan. Vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections was evaluated. Waning immunity among patients aged 16–64 years was also assessed.Results. We enrolled 1936 patients, including 396 test-positive cases and 1540 test-negative controls for SARS-CoV-2. The median age was 49 years, 53.4% were male, and 34.0% had underlying medical conditions. Full vaccination (receiving 2 doses ≥14 days before symptom onset) was received by 6.6% of cases and 38.8% of controls. Vaccine effectiveness of full vaccination against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections was 88.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78.8%–93.9%) among patients aged 16–64 years and 90.3% (95% CI, 73.6%–96.4%) among patients aged ≥65 years. Among patients aged 16–64 years, vaccine effectiveness was 91.8% (95% CI, 80.3%–96.6%) within 1–3 months after full vaccination, and 86.4% (95% CI, 56.9%–95.7%) within 4–6 months.Conclusions. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines had high effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in Japan during July–September 2021, when the Delta variant was dominant nationwide

The Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for acute kidney injury 2016

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome which has a broad range of etiologic factors depending on different clinical settings. Because AKI has significant impacts on prognosis in any clinical settings, early detection and intervention are necessary to improve the outcomes of AKI patients. This clinical guideline for AKI was developed by a multidisciplinary approach with nephrology, intensive care medicine, blood purification, and pediatrics. Of note, clinical practice for AKI management which was widely performed in Japan was also evaluated with comprehensive literature search