GAS6 signaling tempers Th17 development in patients with multiple sclerosis and helminth infection

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly disabling neurodegenerative autoimmune condition in which an unbalanced immune response plays a critical role. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, helminth infections are known to modulate the severity and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases. The tyrosine kinase receptors TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK (TAM) have been described as inhibitors of the immune response in various inflammatory settings. We show here that patients with concurrent natural helminth infections and MS condition (HIMS) had an increased expression of the negative regulatory TAM receptors in antigen-presenting cells and their agonist GAS6 in circulating CD11bhigh and CD4+ T cells compared to patients with only MS. The Th17 subset was reduced in patients with HIMS with a subsequent downregulation of its pathogenic genetic program. Moreover, these CD4+ T cells promoted lower levels of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40 on dendritic cells compared with CD4+ T cells from patients with MS, an effect that was GAS6-dependent. IL-10+ cells from patients with HIMS showed higher GAS6 expression levels than Th17 cells, and inhibition of phosphatidylserine/GAS6 binding led to an expansion of Th17 effector genes. The addition of GAS6 on activated CD4+ T cells from patients with MS restrains the Th17 gene expression signature. This cohort of patients with HIMS unravels a promising regulatory mechanism to dampen the Th17 inflammatory response in autoimmunity.Fil: Ortiz Wilczyñski, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Olexen, Cinthia Mariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Errasti, Andrea Emilse. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Farmacología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Schattner, Mirta Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rothlin, Carla. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Correale, Jorge. Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia; ArgentinaFil: Carrera Silva, Eugenio Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Platelets promote macrophage polarization toward pro-inflammatory phenotype and increase survival of septic mice

We investigated the contribution of human platelets to macrophage effector properties in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as the beneficial effects and time frame for platelet transfusion in septic animals. Our results show that platelets sequester both pro-(TNF-α/IL-6) and anti-(IL-10) inflammatory cytokines released by monocytes. Low LPS concentrations (0.01 ng/mL) induced M2 macrophage polarization by decreasing CD64 and augmenting CD206 and CD163 expression; yet, the presence of platelets skewed monocytes toward type 1 macrophage (M1) phenotype in a cell-contact-dependent manner by the glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)-CD11b axis. Accordingly, platelet-licensed macrophages showed increased TNF-α levels, bacterial phagocytic activity, and a reduced healing capability. Platelet transfusion increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)+ macrophages, improving bacterial clearance and survival rates in septic mice up to 6 h post-infection, an effect that was abolished by CD11b and GPIb blockade. Our results demonstrate that platelets orchestrate macrophage effector responses, improving the clinical outcome of sepsis in a narrow but relevant time frame.Fil: Carestia, Agostina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentina. University of Calgary; CanadáFil: Mena, Hebe Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Olexen, Cinthia Mariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Wilczyñski, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Negrotto, Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Errasti, Andrea Emilse. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Farmacologia; ArgentinaFil: Gomez, Ricardo Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Jenne, Craig N.. University of Calgary; CanadáFil: Carrera Silva, Eugenio Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Schattner, Mirta Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Evaluation of T-Cell Responses Against Shared Melanoma Associated Antigens and Predicted Neoantigens in Cutaneous Melanoma Patients Treated With the CSF-470 Allogeneic Cell Vaccine Plus BCG and GM-CSF

The CSF-470 vaccine consists of lethally-irradiated allogeneic cells derived from four cutaneous melanoma cell lines administered plus BCG and GM-CSF as adjuvants. In an adjuvant phase II study vs. IFN-α2b, the vaccine significantly prolonged the distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) of stages IIB-IIC-III melanoma patients with evidence of the induction of immune responses against vaccine cells. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the antigens against which the immune response was induced, as well as the T-helper profile and lytic ability of immune cells after CSF-470 treatment. Methods: HLA-restricted peptides from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) were selected from TANTIGEN database for 13 evaluable vaccinated patients. In addition, for patient #006 (pt#006), tumor somatic variants were identified by NGS and candidate neoAgs were selected by predicted HLA binding affinity and similarity between wild type (wt) and mutant peptides. The patient‘s PBMC reactivity against selected peptides was detected by IFNγ-ELISPOT. T-helper transcriptional profile was determined by quantifying GATA-3, T-bet, and FOXP3 mRNA by RT-PCR, and intracellular cytokines were analyzed by flow cytometry. Autologous tumor cell lysis by PBMC was assessed in an in vitro calcein release assay. Results: Vaccinated patient‘s PBMC reactivity against selected TAAs derived peptides showed a progressive increase in the number of IFNγ-producing cells throughout the 2-yr vaccination protocol. ELISPOT response correlated with delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to CSF-470 vaccine cells. Early upregulation of GATA-3 and Foxp3 mRNA, as well as an increase in CD4+IL4+cells, was associated with a low DMFS. Also, IFNγ response against 9/73 predicted neoAgs was evidenced in the case of pt#006; 7/9 emerged after vaccination. We verified in pt# 006 that post-vaccination PBMC boosted in vitro with the vaccine lysate were able to lyse autologous tumor cells. Conclusions: A progressive increase in the immune response against TAAs expressed in the vaccine and in the patient's tumor was induced by CSF-470 vaccination. In pt#006, we demonstrated immune recognition of patient's specific neoAgs, which emerged after vaccination. These results suggest that an initial response against shared TAAs could further stimulate an immune response against autologous tumor neoAgs.Fil: Podaza, Enrique Arturo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Cáncer. Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas; ArgentinaFil: Carri, Ibel. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Aris, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Cáncer. Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas; ArgentinaFil: Von Euw, Erika María. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados Unidos. T-Cure Bioscience; ArgentinaFil: Bravo, Alicia Ines. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital El Cruce Doctor Néstor Carlos Kirchner. Centro de Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Paula. Fundación Cáncer. Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Wilczyñski, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Koile, Daniel Isaac. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - Instituto Partner de la Sociedad Max Planck; ArgentinaFil: Yankilevich, Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - Instituto Partner de la Sociedad Max Planck; ArgentinaFil: Nielsen, Morten. Technical University of Denmark; Dinamarca. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Mordoh, Jose. Fundación Cáncer. Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas; Argentina. Instituto Alexander Fleming.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Barrio, Maria Marcela. Fundación Cáncer. Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

The synthetic phospholipid C8-C1P determines pro-angiogenic and pro-reparative features in human macrophages restraining the proinflammatory M1-like phenotype

Monocytes (Mo) are highly plastic myeloid cells that differentiate into macrophages after extravasation, playing a pivotal role in the resolution of inflammation and regeneration of injured tissues. Wound-infiltrated monocytes/macrophages are more pro-inflammatory at early time points, while showing anti-inflammatory/pro-reparative phenotypes at later phases, with highly dynamic switching depending on the wound environment. Chronic wounds are often arrested in the inflammatory phase with hampered inflammatory/repair phenotype transition. Promoting the tissue repair program switching represents a promising strategy to revert chronic inflammatory wounds, one of the major public health loads. We found that the synthetic lipid C8-C1P primes human CD14+ monocytes, restraining the inflammatory activation markers (HLA-DR, CD44, and CD80) and IL-6 when challenged with LPS, and preventing apoptosis by inducing BCL-2. We also observed increased pseudo-tubule formation of human endothelial-colony-forming cells (ECFCs) when stimulated with the C1P-macrophages secretome. Moreover, C8-C1P-primed monocytes skew differentiation toward pro-resolutive-like macrophages, even in the presence of inflammatory PAMPs and DAMPs by increasing anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic gene expression patterns. All these results indicate that C8-C1P could restrain M1 skewing and promote the program of tissue repair and pro-angiogenic macrophage

Humoral response to the BBIBP-CorV vaccine over time in healthcare workers with or without exposure to SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral response was analyzed over time in a group of healthcare workers with or without exposure to SARS-CoV-2, who underwent vaccination with BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine in Argentina. Seroconversion rates in unexposed subjects after the first and second doses were 40 % and 100 %, respectively, showing a significant increase in antibody concentrations from dose 1 to dose 2 (p < 0.0001). The highest antibody concentrations were found in younger subjects and women, remaining significantly associated in a multivariable linear regression model (p = 0.005). A single dose of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine induced a strong antibody response in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2infection, while a second dose did not increase this response. A sharp increase in antibody concentrations was observed following SARS-CoV-2 infection in those participants who became infected after the first and second doses (p = 0.008). Individuals with SARS-CoV-2 exposure prior to vaccination showed significantly higher anti-spike IgG antibody levels, at all-time points, than those not exposed (p < 0.001). Higher antibody titers were induced by a single dose in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals than those induced in naïve subjects by two doses of the vaccine (p < 0.0001). Three months after the second dose both groups showed a decline in antibody levels, being more abrupt in unexposed subjects. Overall, our results showed a trend towards lower antibody concentrations over time following BBIBP-CorV vaccination. Sex and age seem to influence the magnitude of the humoral response in unexposed subjects while the combination of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 plus vaccination, whatever the sequence of the events was, produced a sharp increase in antibody levels. Evaluation of the humoral responses over time and the analysis of the induction and persistence of memory B and T cell responses, are needed to assess long-term immune protection induced by BBIBP-CorV vaccine.Fil: Badano, Maria Noel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Sabbione, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Keitelman, Irene Angélica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Pereson Moschen, Matias Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Aloisi, Natalia. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Colado, Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Ramos, Maria Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Wilczyñski, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Pozner, Roberto Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Castillo, Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Wigdorovitz, Georgina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Elizalde de Bracco, María Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fink, Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Chuit, Roberto. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas; ArgentinaFil: Baré, Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Role of the cGAS/STING pathway in the control of Brucella abortus infection acquired through the respiratory route

Despite the importance of the respiratory route for Brucella transmission, the lung immune response to this pathogen is scarcely characterized. We investigated the role of the cGAS/STING pathway of microbial DNA recognition in the control of respiratory Brucella infection. After in vitro B. abortus infection, CFU numbers were significantly higher in alveolar macrophages (AM) and lung explants from STING KO mice than in samples from wild type (WT) mice, but no difference was observed for cGAS KO samples. CFU were also increased in WT AM and lung epithelial cells preincubated with the STING inhibitor H151. Several proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IP-10/CXCL10) were diminished in Brucella-infected lung explants and/or AM from STING KO mice and cGAS KO mice. These cytokines were also reduced in infected AM and lung epithelial cells pretreated with H151. After intratracheal infection with B. abortus, STING KO mice exhibited increased CFU in lungs, spleen and liver, a reduced expression of IFN-β mRNA in lungs and spleen, and reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung homogenates. Increased lung CFU and reduced BALF cytokines were also observed in cGAS KO mice. In summary, the cGAS/STING pathway induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines after respiratory Brucella infection, which may contribute to the STING-dependent control of airborne brucellosis

Activation of toll‐like receptors 2 and 4 on CD 34 + cells increases human megakaryo/thrombopoiesis induced by thrombopoietin

Background: Platelet Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2/4 are key players in amplifying the host immune response; however, their role in human megakaryo/thrombopoiesis has not yet been defined. Objectives: We evaluated whether Pam3CSK4 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TLR2/4 ligands respectively, modulate human megakaryocyte development and platelet production. Methods: CD34+ cells from human umbilical cord were stimulated with LPS or Pam3CSK4 with or without thrombopoietin (TPO). Results: CD34+ cells and megakaryocytes express TLR2 and TLR4 at both RNA and protein level; however, direct stimulation of CD34+ cells with LPS or Pam3CSK4 had no effect on cell growth. Interestingly, both TLR ligands markedly increased TPO‐in‐ duced CD34+ cell proliferation, megakaryocyte number and maturity, proplatelet and platelet production when added at day 0. In contrast, this synergism was not observed when TLR agonists were added 7 days after TPO addition. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) release was observed upon CD34+ or megakaryocyte stimulation with LPS or Pam3CSK4 but not with TPO and this effect was potentiated in combination with TPO. The increased proliferation and IL‐6 production induced by TPO + LPS or Pam3CSK4 were sup‐ pressed by TLR2/4 or IL‐6 neutralizing antibodies, as well as by PI3K/AKT and nuclear factor‐κB inhibitors. Additionally, increased proplatelet and platelet production were associated with enhanced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor‐E2. Finally, the su‐ pernatants of CD34+ cells stimulated with TPO+LPS‐induced CFU‐M colonies. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 in CD34+ cells and megakaryocytes in the presence of TPO may contribute to warrant platelet provi‐ sion during infection episodes by an autocrine IL‐6 loop triggered by PI3K/NF‐κB axes.Fil: D'Atri, Lina Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, Camila Sofía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Miguel, Carolina Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Pozner, Roberto Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Wilczyñski, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Negrotto, Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Carrera Silva, Eugenio Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Heller, Paula Graciela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Schattner, Mirta Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

CD207 + CD1a + cells circulate in pediatric patients with active Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease with an unknown etiology characterized by heterogeneous lesions containing CD207+CD1a+ cells that can arise in almost any tissue and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Precursors of pathological Langerhans cells have yet to be defined. Our aim was to identify circulating CD207+CD1a+ cells and their inducers in LCH. Expression of CD207 and CD1a in the blood myeloid compartment as well as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) plasma levels were measured in 22 pediatric patients with active disease (AD) or nonactive disease (NAD). In patients with AD vs those with NAD, the myeloid compartment showed an increased CD11b (CD11bhigh plus CD11b+) fraction (39.7 ± 3.6 vs 18.6 ± 1.9), a higher percentage of circulating CD11bhighCD11c+CD207+ cells (44.5 ± 11.3 vs 3.2 ± 0.5), and the presence of CD11chighCD207+CD1a+ cells (25.0 ± 9.1 vs 2.3 ± 0.5). Blood CD207+CD1a+ cells were not observed in adult controls or umbilical cord. Increased TSLP and TGF-β levels were detected in patients with AD. Interestingly, plasma from patients with AD induces CD207 expression on CD14+ monocytes. We conclude that CD207+CD1a+ cells are circulating in patients with active LCH, and TSLP and TGF-β are potential drivers of Langerhans-like cells in vivo.Fil: Carrera Silva, Eugenio Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Nowak, Wanda. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Tessone, Licina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Olexen, Cinthia Mariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Wilczyñski, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Estecho, Ivana Gisele. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Elena, Graciela. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños Pedro Elizalde (ex Casa Cuna); ArgentinaFil: Errasti, Andrea Emilse. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Rosso, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños Pedro Elizalde (ex Casa Cuna); Argentin