Procedimiento técnico para la implementación de micro centrales eléctricas utilizando paneles fotovoltaicos

The study of solar energy has experienced big steeps over the years as the planet on which we live is at an end point in terms of environmental devastation. It is necessary that population do anything to preserve the environment in which we live. Designs of micro power plants using photovoltaic panels have as pioneers to European countries and especially Spain, because it has the largest solar farms in the world. In our country, government organizations like FERUM are working in parallel with international organizations for the correct operation of clean solar energy. Especially in areas where lack of electricity generated by conventional methods, have been dabbling several projects such as Euro-Solar, which they operate to provide electricity to rural and urban populations. We need to know the functioning of each and every one of elements that conform the electric generation by solar radiation, especially if you want to incorporate one of these systems in house to produce our own energy and cost savings of monthly payments to the distributor local. Key elements for photovoltaic generation we have solar panels, xxv inverters, batteries (for storing energy), charge controllers, bidirectional meters (for connection to the local network), wires and fuses for the system. In the local market we can find a great variety of these products in different brands and prices, just a matter of good advice so that you can you choose the elements that will give us the assurance of a quality of energy and have a shelf life rates according to initial investment. With a correct maintenance as directed the manufacturer we can enjoy long lasting equipment with good technical performance. The initial investment is according to the power that is willing to serve, often has high values but studies this investment recovers in the medium term but definitely the satisfaction of contributing to our planet will be the best reward. Finally in this work we exhibit some conclusions and recommendations that was relevant rescue all of its contents are exposed.El estudio de la energía solar ha venido experimentando pasos agigantados con el transcurso de los años ya que el planeta en el que vivimos está en un punto extremo en cuanto a la devastación ambiental. Es necesario que toda la población se concientice y haga un esfuerzo para preservar el medio en el cual habitamos. Los diseños de micro centrales eléctricas utilizando paneles fotovoltaicos tienen como pioneros a los países europeos y en especial a España, debido a que cuenta con los parques solares más grandes del mundo. En nuestro país, entidades gubernamentales como el FERUM vienen trabajando de manera paralela con organizaciones internacionales para la explotación correcta y limpia de la energía solar, especialmente en zonas donde carecen del servicio eléctrico generado por métodos convencionales. Se han incursionando varios proyectos como el Euro-Solar, que desarrollan sus actividades para brindar electricidad a poblaciones rurales y urbanas marginales. xxiii Es necesario conocer el funcionamiento de todos y cada uno de los elementos que conforman un sistema de generación eléctrico mediante irradiación solar, especialmente si se desea incorporar uno de estos sistemas en casa para producir nuestra propia energía y ahorrar costos de pagos mensuales a la empresa distribuidora local. Entre los elementos principales para la generación fotovoltaica tenemos a los paneles solares, inversores, baterías (en el caso de almacenar energía), reguladores de carga, medidores bidireccionales (para conexión a la red local), cableados y protecciones para el sistema. En el mercado local podemos encontrar gran variedad de estos productos en diferentes marcas y precios, solo es cuestión de un buen asesoramiento para que se pueda escoger a los elementos que nos brindarán la seguridad de una calidad de energía y que tengan un período de vida útil acorde a los precios de inversión inicial. Con los debidos mantenimientos tal y como indica el fabricante podremos gozar de equipos para larga duración con buen funcionamiento técnico. La inversión inicial es acorde a la potencia que se quiera servir, en muchos casos posee valores altos pero por los estudios realizados esta inversión se la recupera a mediano plazo pero definitivamente la satisfacción de contribuir con nuestro planeta será la mejor recompensa. Al finalizar este trabajo se expondrán las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se vio pertinente rescatar de todo su contenido

A blood microRNA classifier for the prediction of ICU mortality in COVID-19 patients: a multicenter validation study

Background: The identification of critically ill COVID-19 patients at risk of fatal outcomes remains a challenge. Here, we first validated candidate microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers for clinical decision-making in critically ill patients. Second, we constructed a blood miRNA classifier for the early prediction of adverse outcomes in the ICU. Methods: This was a multicenter, observational and retrospective/prospective study including 503 critically ill patients admitted to the ICU from 19 hospitals. qPCR assays were performed in plasma samples collected within the first 48 h upon admission. A 16-miRNA panel was designed based on recently published data from our group. Results: Nine miRNAs were validated as biomarkers of all-cause in-ICU mortality in the independent cohort of critically ill patients (FDR < 0.05). Cox regression analysis revealed that low expression levels of eight miRNAs were associated with a higher risk of death (HR from 1.56 to 2.61). LASSO regression for variable selection was used to construct a miRNA classifier. A 4-blood miRNA signature composed of miR-16-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-323a-3p and miR-451a predicts the risk of all-cause in-ICU mortality (HR 2.5). Kaplan‒Meier analysis confirmed these findings. The miRNA signature provides a significant increase in the prognostic capacity of conventional scores, APACHE-II (C-index 0.71, DeLong test p-value 0.055) and SOFA (C-index 0.67, DeLong test p-value 0.001), and a risk model based on clinical predictors (C-index 0.74, DeLong test-p-value 0.035). For 28-day and 90-day mortality, the classifier also improved the prognostic value of APACHE-II, SOFA and the clinical model. The association between the classifier and mortality persisted even after multivariable adjustment. The functional analysis reported biological pathways involved in SARS-CoV infection and inflammatory, fibrotic and transcriptional pathways. Conclusions: A blood miRNA classifier improves the early prediction of fatal outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients.11 página