The effect of small doses of naloxone on sexual exhaustion, plasma prolactin and testosterone levels in male rabbits

The objective of this work was to study the effect of small doses of naloxone (Nx) on plasma prolactin (PRL) and testosterone levels, and to correlate hormone changes induced by the opioid antagonist with sexual exhaustion in adult male rabbits. Two groups of 8 adult New Zealand White male rabbits were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (n=8) was treated with daily intramuscular injections of 0.5 mg of naloxone at 08:00 and at 20:00 hours for 15 days. Group 2 was treated with saline injections. Copulatory behaviour was similar on the first day and during seven days of treatment with Nx in both groups; mounts and copulations averaged 8.1 to 7.21. After 15 days of treatment with Nx, a significant increase in mount/copulation events was observed in naloxone treated rabbits as compared with controls (11.1 vs 7.6) (Pvs 7.6) seven days after treatment with Nx was discontinued. During the first week of treatment, plasma testosterone levels in Nx treated rabbits were similar to those of the control group. At the end of the first week of treatment with Nx, there was a continuous increase in testosterone levels and high levels of the androgen were still detectable seven days after naloxone treatment was discontinued. There was a significant overall effect of treatment (P<0.001). It was concluded that endogenous opioids are important modulators of sexual behaviour in rabbits

Producción de células sanguíneas fórmula roja y blanca en lechones con la adición de extracto de Origanum aetheroleum en el agua de bebida

Growth promoter as additives in swine production must not leave hazardous residues. Hence, organic resources that limit microbial growth and stimulate animal development are needed, for instance, Origanum extracts. The goal of the present trial was to assess different addition levels of Origanum var. aetheroleum (OA) in the drinking water on the weaned pig productivity. Recently weaned Landrace-York piglets (n = 15 each; initial body weight 25.0±3.0 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of two additional levels of OA (0, 7.5, and 15 mg /L) in the drinking water on production parameters, and white and red blood cells. An alpha of 0.05 was established to declare statistical difference among levels. The OA addition had no effect on water intake (P > 0.05), but improved weight gain (g/day; P 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that adding OA to the drinking water improved performance and immunological response.Los promotores de desarrollo en porcicultura se limitan a aquellos que no dejen residuos potencialmente dañinos para el ser humano. Por lo tanto, la tecnología usa recursos que inhiben el desarrollo microbiano y estimulan el crecimiento, como por ejemplo el orégano. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes niveles de orégano variedad aetheroleum en el agua de bebida sobre la productividad del lechón. Se utilizaron cerdos (Landrace-York; n = 15) en etapa de desarrollo (peso inicial 25.0±3.0 kg) con la finalidad de evaluar el efecto de dos niveles de adición de Origanum aetheroleum (OA) al agua de bebida (0, 7.5 y 15 mg /L) sobre parámetros zootécnicos y hemáticos. Se estableció un alfa 0.05 para declarar diferencias estadísticas. Con la adición de OA, no se afectó el consumo de agua (P > 0.05), pero mejoró la ganancia de peso (g/día; P 0.05). Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el OA en agua de bebida mejora la conversión alimenticia, así como el sistema inmunitario y numero de hematíes

El 2% de inulina de agave en el alimento del conejo afecta positivamente la digestibilidad y microbiota intestinal

Oligosaccharides present in feed act as microflora modulator and nondigestible fiber source. Agave azul tequilana Weber is a plant that is primarily used to produce tequila and as a source of the fructo-oligosaccharide inulin. Eighteen male rabbits nourished with commercial feed were used to assess three levels (0, 1, or 2%) of agave inulin addition, and its impact on digestibility and microbial population of the intestine. The addition of the agave inulin reduced the intake and increased the apparent digestibility of nutrients (p 0.05). Also, water daily intake was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). On the other hand, fecal E. coli count (UFC/g) was drastically reduced with the addition of the agave inulin in the feed. In conclusion, use of 2% of agave inulin in feed affects positively the rabbit digestibility and reduces the gut microbial population.Los oligosacáridos de los alimentos actúan como moduladores de la microbiota intestinal y a la vez como fibra no digerible. El Agave azul tequilana Weber es una planta que se emplea tradicionalmente para producir tequila, pero actualmente es fuente del fructo-oligosacárido inulina. Dieciocho conejos machos fueron alimentados con concentrado comercial para evaluar el efecto de la adición de tres niveles (0, 1, o 2%) de inulina de agave, en la digestibilidad y población microbiana del intestino. Adicionar la inulina de agave al alimento redujo el consumo e incremento la digestibilidad aparente de los nutrimentos (p < 0.05), incluyendo de la energía bruta (p < 0.05). En cambio, el consumo de agua de bebida se redujo significativamente (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, la cantidad de E. coli (UFC/g) en las heces de los conejos se vieron reducidas con la adición de la inulina (p < 0.05). En conclusión, el empleo de 2% de inulina de agave en el alimento del conejo, afecta positivamente la digestibilidad y microflora intestinal

Influencia de las condiciones ambientales en la presentación de Ascosferosis (Ascosphaera apis) o cría de cal en Apis mellifera (abeja)

Chalkbrood is a fungal disease that it is present worldwide in the apiculture, which has an important effect in the larval stage of the bee, reducing this way the honey production. Being The Ascosphaera apis (A. apis) the etiology agent in association with certain weather factors. Nevertheless, no study has been done with bees produced in Los Altos de Jalisco weather climate. Bee hives were monitored for the disease presentation during the months July to October, temperature and humidity were recorded and data were statistically analyzed. Hives monitored presented 67.14% of A. apis attack during the trial, and tended quadratically to be reduced (P < 0.05) as the temperature lowers. A strong correlation (R2 = 0.78; P < 0.05) was observed among A. apis presence and weather temperature where hives were placed. Chalkbrood disease presentation was inverse to the humidity (R2 = -0.431; P = 0.050). In conclusion, the mycosis can be observed mainly when weather conditions are ideal for its growth.La patología cría de cal es una enfermedad fúngica presente a nivel mundial en apicultura, teniendo un efecto importante en la etapa larvaria de la abeja, con lo que se reduce la producción de miel. Siendo el Ascosphaera apis (A. apis) la etiología conjunta con un medio ambiente adecuado. Sin embargo, no se han realizado estudios de incidencia en climas como la región de Los Altos de Jalisco. Se supervisaron colmenas para detectar la presencia de la enfermedad durante los meses de julio a octubre, midiendo tanto la temperatura como la humedad, posteriormente los datos obtenidos fueron analizados estadísticamente. Las colmenas mostraron un promedio de 67.14% de presencia de A. apis durante el estudio, tendiendo a reducirse de manera cuadrática (P < 0.05) a medida que la temperatura ambiental bajaba. Se observó un fuerte correlación (R2 = 0.78; P < 0.05) entre la presencia de A. apis y la temperatura ambiental del lugar donde se encontraban ubicadas las colmenas. Además se encontró que la enfermedad se correlacionaba inversamente con la humedad relativa (R2 = -0.431; P = 0.050), es decir, a menor humedad relativa, se encontró una disminución en la presencia de la cría de cal. En conclusión, la micosis en la región alteña se observa principalmente en los meses que presentan condiciones ideales para su desarrollo

Buffering capacity of common feedstuffs used in ruminant diets

Background: buffer substances are commonly used in cattle nutrition. However, factors such as buffer type and amount added do not take into account the intrinsic buffering capacity of other dietary ingredients. Objective: to determine the buffering capacity (BC) of 25 commonly used energy and protein feedstuffs as well as additives, silages, and forage ingredients. Methods: BC was measured using the technique described by Jasaitis et al. (1988). Results are expressed in milliequivalents of hydrochloric acid required to generate a unit change in pH in the original feed sample. Results: the results of this study are in agreement with those reported by other authors. Conclusion: protein feedstuffs resulted in the highest BC values, followed by forages, while energy ingredients showed the lowest results.Antecedentes: a utilização de substâncias tampão em gado é comum, no entanto, fatores como a quantidade e o tipo de tampão utilizado não ter em conta a capacidade tampão intrínseca dos ingredientes utilizados na dieta. Objetivo: avaliar a capacidade tampão (CA) de 25 ingredientes de tipo energético, proteico, silagem, aditivos e pastagens comunmente utilizados em dietas para ruminantes. Métodos: o CT é determinado pela técnica descrita por Jasaitis et al. (1988) apresentando os resultados em miliequivalentes de ácido clorídrico necessário para produzir uma mudança em uma unidade de pH da amostra original do alimento. Resultados: os resultados obtidos foram similares com outros estudos anteriormente reportados por outros autores. Conclusões: os ingredientes que foram classificados como proteicos apresentam um alto CT, aqueles que sua origen é o forragem têm uma CT intermediária, e os ingredientes energéticos têm um baixo CT.Antecedentes: la utilización de sustancias amortiguadoras es común en nutrición bovina, sin embargo, factores como la cantidad y tipo de amortiguador utilizado no tienen en cuenta la capacidad amortiguadora intrínseca de los ingredientes utilizados en la dieta. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad amortiguadora (CA) de 25 ingredientes de tipo energético, proteico, ensilados, aditivos y forrajes comúnmente utilizados en dietas para rumiantes. Métodos: la CA se determinó mediante la técnica descrita por Jasaitis et al. (1988) expresando los resultados en miliequivalentes de ácido clorhídrico requerido para producir un cambio en una unidad de pH de la muestra original de alimento. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos son similares a los reportados por otros autores. Conclusiones: los ingredientes que fueron clasificados como proteicos presentan una CA elevada, los forrajes presentan una CA intermedia, en comparación con los energéticos que presentan una CA baja

Buffering capacity of common feedstuffs used in ruminant diets Capacidad amortiguadora de ingredientes comúnmente utilizados en la alimentación de rumiantes Capacidade tampão dos ingredientes utilizados na alimentação de ruminantes

Background: buffer substances are commonly used in cattle nutrition. However, factors such as buffer type and amount added do not take into account the intrinsic buffering capacity of other dietary ingredients. Objective: to determine the buffering capacity (BC) of 25 commonly used energy and protein feedstuffs as well as additives, silages, and forage ingredients. Methods: BC was measured using the technique described by Jasaitis et al. (1988). Results are expressed in milliequivalents of hydrochloric acid required to generate a unit change in pH in the original feed sample. Results: the results of this study are in agreement with those reported by other authors. Conclusion: protein feedstuffs resulted in the highest BC values, followed by forages, while energy ingredients showed the lowest results.Antecedentes: la utilización de sustancias amortiguadoras es común en nutrición bovina, sin embargo, factores como la cantidad y tipo de amortiguador utilizado no tienen en cuenta la capacidad amortiguadora intrínseca de los ingredientes utilizados en la dieta. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad amortiguadora (CA) de 25 ingredientes de tipo energético, proteico, ensilados, aditivos y forrajes comúnmente utilizados en dietas para rumiantes. Métodos: la CA se determinó mediante la técnica descrita por Jasaitis et al. (1988) expresando los resultados en miliequivalentes de ácido clorhídrico requerido para producir un cambio en una unidad de pH de la muestra original de alimento. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos son similares a los reportados por otros autores. Conclusiones: los ingredientes que fueron clasificados como proteicos presentan una CA elevada, los forrajes presentan una CA intermedia, en comparación con los energéticos que presentan una CA baja.Antecedentes: a utilização de substâncias tampão em gado é comum, no entanto, fatores como a quantidade e o tipo de tampão utilizado não ter em conta a capacidade tampão intrínseca dos ingredientes utilizados na dieta. Objetivo: avaliar a capacidade tampão (CA) de 25 ingredientes de tipo energético, proteico, silagem, aditivos e pastagens comunmente utilizados em dietas para ruminantes. Métodos: o CT é determinado pela técnica descrita por Jasaitis et al. (1988) apresentando os resultados em miliequivalentes de ácido clorídrico necessário para produzir uma mudança em uma unidade de pH da amostra original do alimento. Resultados: os resultados obtidos foram similares com outros estudos anteriormente reportados por outros autores. Conclusões: os ingredientes que foram classificados como proteicos apresentam um alto CT, aqueles que sua origen é o forragem têm uma CT intermediária, e os ingredientes energéticos têm um baixo CT

Effect of Thioridazine administration on the bacillary loads (CFU) and histological lung damage of mice infected with the MDR-TB strain.

<p>(A) In comparison with the none-treated control group of mice, both doses of thioridazine significantly reduced the CFU, 30 (black bars) and 60 (white bars) days after initiation of treatment. CFU rose progressively in the untreated control animals. (B) In the thioridazine treated animals, the percentage of the lung surface affected by pneumonia was found significantly lower than in control animals after one (black bars) and two months (white bars) of treatment. Data is expressed as means ± SD, 8 mice per time point, asterisks represent statistical significance (p<0.05).</p

Effect of combined treatment with standard anti-tuberculosis treatment and thioridazine on lung bacillary load in mice infected with <i>M. tuberculosis</i> H37Rv.

<p>Animals were treated from day 60 with conventional chemotherapy alone (isoniazid [H], rifampicin [R] and pyrazinamide [Z], gray bars), or in combination with thioridazine 32 mg daily (black bars). In comparison with untreated control mice (white bars), both treatments produced significant reduction of bacilli loads after 30 and 60 days of treatment, being higher and faster in the combined treatment group. Data are expressed as means ± SD, 8 mice per time point, asterisks represent statistical significance (p<0.05). T32 HRZ, first line anti-tuberculosis treatment with adjunctive thioridazine 32 mg/kg; HRZ, first line treatment only; C, controls.</p