Electrochemical imaging of quantal exocytosis in single cells

Microelectrodes are widely used in detection of exocytosis events. In order to detect both the time and release location of quantal exocytosis from a single cell, four square microelectrodes located in a 20 um square microwell were fabricated through hotolithographic techniques. A 30 nm thin gold films were used as the material for the microelectrodes and the microwell was fabricated using SU8 thick photoresist. In order to test the quality of microelectrodes, we used cyclic voltammetry technique and the test analyte ferricyanide prior to the amperometry recording. A high density of chromaffin cells were placed in the solution reservoir on top of the electrode arrays, and individual cells were targeted in to the microwells automatically. Poly (L-lysine) was coated on the microelectrode to promote the cells adhesion. Following of that, exocytosis events were triggered by introducing a high potassium concentration to the bath solution. The data obtained from cell recordings were compared with the simulation data obtained from FEM modeling and the locations of release sites were identified. It was observed only sites of quantal releases with relatively high amount of charge (3.59+0.58 pC) can be identified. In order to expand the area on the cell in which the electrochemical imaging is attainable, a simulation-guided electrode re-design was tested using FEM simulations. The results from simulations showed that the improved design, with curved-like electrodes, is predicted to increase the area of detection by approximately 45% compared to the design used in cell tests

New Symmetric and Planar Designs of Reversible Full-Adders/Subtractors in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the emerging nanotechnologies, promising alternative to CMOS technology due to faster speed, smaller size, lower power consumption, higher scale integration and higher switching frequency. Also, power dissipation is the main limitation of all the nano electronics design techniques including the QCA. Researchers have proposed the various mechanisms to limit this problem. Among them, reversible computing is considered as the reliable solution to lower the power dissipation. On the other hand, adders are fundamental circuits for most digital systems. In this paper, Innovation is divided to three sections. In the first section, a method for converting irreversible functions to a reversible one is presented. This method has advantages such as: converting of irreversible functions to reversible one directly and as optimal. So, in this method, sub-optimal methods of using of conventional reversible blocks such as Toffoli and Fredkin are not used, having of minimum number of garbage outputs and so on. Then, Using the method, two new symmetric and planar designs of reversible full-adders are presented. In the second section, a new symmetric, planar and fault tolerant five-input majority gate is proposed. Based on the designed gate, a reversible full-adder are presented. Also, for this gate, a fault-tolerant analysis is proposed. And in the third section, three new 8-bit reversible full-adder/subtractors are designed based on full-adders/subtractors proposed in the second section. The results are indicative of the outperformance of the proposed designs in comparison to the best available ones in terms of area, complexity, delay, reversible/irreversible layout, and also in logic level in terms of garbage outputs, control inputs, number of majority and NOT gates

New Symmetric and Planar Designs of Reversible Full-Adders/Subtractors in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the emerging nanotechnologies, promising alternative to CMOS technology due to faster speed, smaller size, lower power consumption, higher scale integration and higher switching frequency. Also, power dissipation is the main limitation of all the nano electronics design techniques including the QCA. Researchers have proposed the various mechanisms to limit this problem. Among them, reversible computing is considered as the reliable solution to lower the power dissipation. On the other hand, adders are fundamental circuits for most digital systems. In this paper, Innovation is divided to three sections. In the first section, a method for converting irreversible functions to a reversible one is presented. This method has advantages such as: converting of irreversible functions to reversible one directly and as optimal. So, in this method, sub-optimal methods of using of conventional reversible blocks such as Toffoli and Fredkin are not used, having of minimum number of garbage outputs and so on. Then, Using the method, two new symmetric and planar designs of reversible full-adders are presented. In the second section, a new symmetric, planar and fault tolerant five-input majority gate is proposed. Based on the designed gate, a reversible full-adder are presented. Also, for this gate, a fault-tolerant analysis is proposed. And in the third section, three new 8-bit reversible full-adder/subtractors are designed based on full-adders/subtractors proposed in the second section. The results are indicative of the outperformance of the proposed designs in comparison to the best available ones in terms of area, complexity, delay, reversible/irreversible layout, and also in logic level in terms of garbage outputs, control inputs, number of majority and NOT gates

Social media in Canada

During the past few years, there have been tremendous changes on social media through different applications in Canada. Many people choose their products and services solely based on the tips they receive from various social media such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. Social media are ex-periencing an increase popularity, both among the ordinary people who simply use the facilitated interaction, and businessman who observe it as a serious marketing facility. In this paper, we study the trend and usage of social media for different purposes in Canadian society. The survey indicates that Facebook has been the most popular followed by Twitter and LinkedIn. The study also indicates that social media are used for many purposes such as reaching update news, recommending products or services, recruiting employees, etc

A New Shrinking projection Algorithm for an infinite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings in a Banach Space

In this paper, using a new shrinking projection method and generalized resolvents of maximal monotone operators and generalized projections, we consider the strong convergence for finding a common point of the fixed points of a Bregman quasi-nonexpansive mapping, and common fixed points of a infinite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings, and common zero points of a finite family of maximal monotone mappings, and common solutions of an equilibrium problem in a reflexive Banach space.Comment: 28 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2107.1325

Recent trend of e-business in Canada

Canadian enterprises are increasingly implementing Internet based e-business technologies such as websites, web-based procurement, and e-commerce to reduce their cost and increase their productivity. While there have been several studies in different countries to locate the determi-nants of e-business adoption, the newness of business could preclude much understanding of the factors, which influence the evolution of e-business within firms. This paper performs a review on recent studies on the implementation of e-business adaptation in Canada. The study covers several studies accomplished on Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) after implementing e-business in their business activities and discusses the barriers and the challenges on enhancing the new technology