578 research outputs found
Effect of turbulence on collisions of dust particles with planetesimals in protoplanetary disks
Planetesimals in gaseous protoplanetary disks may grow by collecting dust
particles. Hydrodynamical studies show that small particles generally avoid
collisions with the planetesimals because they are entrained by the flow around
them. This occurs when , the Stokes number, defined as the ratio of the
dust stopping time to the planetesimal crossing time, becomes much smaller than
unity. However, these studies have been limited to the laminar case, whereas
these disks are believed to be turbulent. We want to estimate the influence of
gas turbulence on the dust-planetesimal collision rate and on the impact
speeds. We used three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a fixed
sphere (planetesimal) facing a laminar and turbulent flow seeded with small
inertial particles (dust) subject to a Stokes drag. A no-slip boundary
condition on the planetesimal surface is modeled via a penalty method. We find
that turbulence can significantly increase the collision rate of dust particles
with planetesimals. For a high turbulence case (when the amplitude of turbulent
fluctuations is similar to the headwind velocity), we find that the collision
probability remains equal to the geometrical rate or even higher for , i.e., for dust sizes an order of magnitude smaller than in the laminar
case. We derive expressions to calculate impact probabilities as a function of
dust and planetesimal size and turbulent intensity
Effect of turbulence on collisions of dust particles with planetesimals in protoplanetary disks
Prevention of false positive findings in observational studies: registration will not work but replication might
Student Showcase Concert
Ida GotkovskyRobert PlanelEdith Piaf & Louis GuglielmiJohnny MandelKen ThomsonBob Becke
HPA-axis activity and externalizing behavior problems in early adolescents from the general population:the role of comorbidity and gender The TRAILS study
Contradictory findings on the relationship between hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity and externalizing behavior problems could be due to studies not accounting for issues of comorbidity and gender. In a population-based cohort of 1768 (10- to 12-year-old) early adolescents, we used a person-oriented approach and a variable-oriented approach to investigate whether comorbidity with internalizing behavior problems and gender moderate the relationship between HPA-axis activity (cortisol awakening response and evening cortisol levels) and externalizing behavior problems. We found that: (1) in early adolescents with pure externalizing behavior problems, there was a particularly strong effect of gender, in that girls showed significantly higher total cortisol levels after awakening (AUC(G) levels) and a significantly higher cortisol awakening response (AUC(I) levels) than boys. (2) Girls with pure externalizing behavior problems showed a significantly higher cortisol awakening response (AUC(I) levels) than girls without behavior problems or girls with comorbid internalizing behavior problems. This effect was absent in boys. (3) Externalizing behavior problems, in contrast to internalizing behavior problems, were associated with higher evening cortisol levels. This effect might, however, result from girls with externalizing behavior problems showing the highest evening cortisol levels. Overall, we were unable to find the expected relationships between comorbidity and HPA-axis activity, and found girls with pure externalizing behavior problems to form a distinct group with regard to their HPA-axis activity. There is need for prospective longitudinal studies of externalizing behavior problems in boys and girls in relation to their HPA-axis activity. It would be useful to consider how other risk factors such as life events and family and parenting factors as well as genetic risks affect the complex relationship between externalizing behavior problems and HPA-axis activity
Chronic medical conditions and mental health in older people: disability and psychosocial resources mediate specific mental health effects
Determining the Parameters of Massive Protostellar Clouds via Radiative Transfer Modeling
A one-dimensional method for reconstructing the structure of prestellar and
protostellar clouds is presented. The method is based on radiative transfer
computations and a comparison of theoretical and observed intensity
distributions at both millimeter and infrared wavelengths. The radiative
transfer of dust emission is modeled for specified parameters of the density
distribution, central star, and external background, and the theoretical
distribution of the dust temperature inside the cloud is determined. The
intensity distributions at millimeter and IR wavelengths are computed and
quantitatively compared with observational data. The best-fit model parameters
are determined using a genetic minimization algorithm, which makes it possible
to reveal the ranges of parameter degeneracy as well. The method is illustrated
by modeling the structure of the two infrared dark clouds IRDC-320.27+029 (P2)
and IRDC-321.73+005 (P2). The derived density and temperature distributions can
be used to model the chemical structure and spectral maps in molecular lines.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy Report
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