Short-Lived Trace Gases in the Surface Ocean and the Atmosphere

The two-way exchange of trace gases between the ocean and the atmosphere is important for both the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere and the biogeochemistry of the oceans, including the global cycling of elements. Here we review these exchanges and their importance for a range of gases whose lifetimes are generally short compared to the main greenhouse gases and which are, in most cases, more reactive than them. Gases considered include sulphur and related compounds, organohalogens, non-methane hydrocarbons, ozone, ammonia and related compounds, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Finally, we stress the interactivity of the system, the importance of process understanding for modeling, the need for more extensive field measurements and their better seasonal coverage, the importance of inter-calibration exercises and finally the need to show the importance of air-sea exchanges for global cycling and how the field fits into the broader context of Earth System Science

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Jak powstają barwy i zapachy kwiatów

A basic metabolism leading to production of pigments - antocyanins and carothenoids which paint flowers, as well as volatile compounds - terpenoids and phenylopropanoids which fragrance flowers are presented in this paper.W pracy przeglądowej naszkicowano sposób powstawania barwników z grupy antocyjanin i karotenoidów oraz substancji lotnych z grupy terpenoidów i fenylopropanoidów. Podano także stan wiedzy dotyczący możliwości kierowania metabolizmem związanym z powstawaniem pigmentów i substancji lotnych dla celów hodowli odmian o nowych cechach

Wydajne rozmnażanie podkładki Rosa canina L. "Intermis" w kukturach in vitro

Mikrorozmnażanie podkładki Rosa canina 'Inermis' na podstawowej pożywce do rozmnażania róż nie przynosiło zadowalających efektów, zarówno ze względu na liczbę jak i jakość pędów. Osiągnięto znaczną poprawę efektywności namnażania pędów przez zastosowanie Gelritu i usuwanie wierzchołka wzrostu. Jakość mikrosadzonek była wysoka dzięki dodatkowi ryboflawiny do pożywki z auksyną lub przenoszenie sadzonek po zaindukowaniu korzeni do pożywki bez auksyny, z dodatkiem węgla aktywnego. Rośliny aklimatyzowały się w szklarni w około 90%.Micropropagation of Rosa canina 'Inermis' rootstock on standard medium for the propagation of rose was not satisfactory due to the number and the quality of shoots. Shoot proliferation was more effective by the replacement of Plant agar with Gelrite, and by decapitation of shoots. Quality of rooted shoots increased when riboflavine was added to the rooting medium or when transfering the shoots, after the induction of the roots on auxine free charcoal medium was done. A high quality of microplants resulted in acclimatization of 90-100% of shoots

Morphological and physiological characteristic of Phytophthora alni isolates obtained from diseased alder, soil and water

The morphological and physiological features of 31 Phytophthora alni isolates from diseased alder, soil and water samples were determined. Optimum temperature for growth, sporangia produced and sex organs were examined

Porównanie różnych metod identyfikacji gatunków Phytophthora w materiale szkółkarskim

Liczba wykrywanych gatunków Phytophthora w polskich szkółkach oraz zakres roślin żywicielskich zwiększają się z każdym rokiem. Straty powodowane przez fytoftorozy i brak możliwości diagnozowania na podstawie objawów chorobowych powodują konieczność zastosowania metod laboratoryjnych do szybkiej oceny materiału pod kątem zasiedlenia przez te patogeny. Ich identyfikację można przeprowadzać za pomocą analiz morfologicznych, fizjologicznych bądź biochemicznych i molekularnych. Wraz z rozwojem technik molekularnych, szczególnego znaczenia nabrało testowanie bazujące na analizie DNA [Henson, French 1993; Drenth, Irvin 2001; Taylor i in. 2001; Atkins, Clark 2004]. Wszystkie proponowane metody rutynowego testowania materiału roślinnego, gleby i wody dla celów identyfikacji lub diagnostyki powinny być szybkie, powtarzalne, wykrywające patogeny w tkankach roślinnych, glebie i wodzie, możliwie mało zależne od umiejętności wykonującego test oraz tanie.A number of Phytophthora species isolated in Polish nurseries and a range of their host plants increase in each year. The economical importance of Phytophthora diseases and impossibility to diagnose on the basis of symptoms, cause the necessity to use laboratory methods for quick identification and detection of these pathogens. It is possible with the aid of morphological and physiological characters or with the use of biochemical or molecular tests. Recently, the most important are the methods based on the DNA analysis [Henson, French 1993; Drenth, Irvin 2001; Taylor i in. 2001; Atkins, Clark 2004]. All the methods for mass diagnosis should be quick, repeatable, detecting a pathogen in the natural samples - plant tissue, soil and water, possibly cheap and less dependent on personal skilfulness

A simple method for extracting DNA from rhododendron plants infected with Phytophthora spp. for use in PCR

Among the numerous protocols that describe the extraction of DNA, those relating to the isolation of DNA from infected plants, are rare. This study describes a rapid and reliable method of extracting a high quality and quantity of DNA from rhododendron leaves artificially infected with Phytophthora cactorum, P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, and P. plurivora. The use of the modified Doyle and Doyle protocol (1987) allowed us to obtain high quantity and quality DNA (18.26 μg from 100 mg of the fresh weight of infected leaves at the ratios of A260/280 and A260/230 – 1.83 and 1.72, respectively), suitable for conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR amplifications