EFFECT OF UNTREATED SEWAGE DUMP ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN IDDO COMMUNITY, LAGOS, NIGERIA

This study was carried out to assess contamination of groundwater in Iddo as a result of many yearsof untreated sewage dump into the adjacent Lagos lagoon. Water samples were collected from fivedifferent sites in the lagoon at certain intervals. Similarly, water samples were collected from five boreholesand seven hand – dug wells sited in the immediate neighbourhood of the sewage dump sites.Sampling covered both the dry and wet seasons and tested for faecal coliform (FC) counts along withother parameters such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and salinity in order to determine theireffects on the density of faecal coliforms. Analysis of parameters was subjected to standard proceduresand data presented in simple statistics. Results for faecal coliform in boreholes ranged from 20-100 total plate count (TPC) /ml in dry season and 5-100 TPC/ml in wet season, while in well water, thevalues are >100 TPC/ml (dry season) and 30 TPC/ml – TNTC (too numerous to count) (wet season).In the lagoon water samples, faecal coliform counts are generally greater than 100 TPC/ml in dry seasonand varied between 100 TPC/ml and TNTC in wet season. BOD values of the lagoon varied fromND (not detected) to 2.8 mg/l (dry season) and 2.4-3.8 mg/l (wet season) with salinity values 3.27-3.45% and 0.70-0.96 % in dry and wet season respectively. Coliform values were higher than World HealthOrganisation standard in drinking water. Results of analysis showed that both surface water andgroundwater in Iddo community are heavily contaminated by the disposal of untreated sewage dump

Knowledge audit as an important tool in organizational management:A review of literature

The purpose of this paper is to review current literature on knowledge management and highlight the importance of knowledge audit in bringing about a holistic knowledge solution to knowledge management. Based on the review of literature on knowledge management, this study points out the role of knowledge audit in solving the challenges in organizations’ tacit and explicit knowledge. Specifically, the paper concentrates on knowledge audit, knowledge risk and international and national standards on knowledge audit processes. The contribution of this study to literature are the suggestions that knowledge risk and international standards procedures could be applied to knowledge audit. The important conclusion of this paper is that knowledge risk management has not been fully explored in the study of knowledge audit. The paper addresses the research question of what organizations must embark on in the process of knowledge audit. The paper attempts to provide answer to the question by highlighting the importance of knowledge audit and the reasons why organizations carry out knowledge audit, and also the existing knowledge audit frameworks and methodologies

Colonic Stenosis in an elderly female

Introduction Colonic stenosis is commonly caused by chronic inflammation and is a known side effect of inflammatory conditions, such as diverticulitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Diverticulosis is a common condition where parts of the colon wall become weakened, forming outpouches. These outpouchings may become inflamed, leading to diverticulitis. This chronic inflammation can cause scarring and fibrosis of the colon, resulting in colonic stenosis. Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, may also result in scarring and colonic stenosis. The incidence rate of patients developing colonic stenosis is 8-13.5% for Crohn\u27s disease and 1-11% for ulcerative colitis. Patients with colonic stenosis often experience bloating, constipation, abdominal discomfort, and reduced bowel movements. Although rarely diagnosed, diagnosis is typically made during surgical procedures or with CT imaging. If diagnosed, treatment includes surgical removal of the narrowed or blocked colon and attachment of the healthy ends together with sutures. This study aims to determine the underlying cause of colonic stenosis in a deceased 83-year-old Caucasian female. Did the colonic stenosis cause diverticulosis or did the diverticulitis cause the colonic stenosis? Based on how extensive the diverticulitis is in this patient, we predict her colonic stenosis was most likely caused by her diverticulitis. Methods A cadaver used in routine dissection in the Gross Anatomy laboratory at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, South Georgia campus was studied. Samples were taken from the transverse and descending colon for histopathological evaluation and sent to the Colquitt Regional Medical Center for processing. Slides were stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and reported by a pathologist. Results Gross colon examination showed an obvious narrowing of the transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon indicating colonic stenosis. Also noted were multiple diverticula. Microscopic findings confirmed diverticulosis\u27s multiple outpouchings and revealed chronic inflammatory cells consistent with diverticulitis. Discussion Colonic histopathology revealed aggregates of chronic inflammatory lymphocytes and small dilated outpouchings in the colonic wall, indicating diverticulitis and diverticulosis, respectively. More testing will need to be performed to determine if there is generalized inflammation which would suggest a form of irritable bowel syndrome. If the walls of the bowel are significantly thickened, this may suggest irritable bowel syndrome, which might have been the cause of her colonic stenosis. Obtaining the patient’s medical history would be a vital aspect of understanding the cause of her colonic stenosis by better understanding the patient’s lifestyle and dietary habits. However, this was a limitation of our study. In our case, diverticulitis might have been a complication of the extra pressure in the colon from the stenosis, and the diverticulosis was most probably a complication of colonic stenosis