A Global Gaze: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Grantmaking in the Global South and East

In 2008, when Funders for LGBTQ Issues released our last edition of A Global Gaze, we reported that total giving to LGBTI communities in the Global South and East more than doubled between 2005 and 2007, from 328 grants totaling US $10.5 million in 2005 to 451 grants totaling US$26.2 million in 2007. In this, our third edition, we can report that in 2010 there were 713 grants totaling US $35,467,361 made by 64 funders worldwide (up from 40 in 2007). There is of course some peril in comparing 2010 numbers to 2007 numbers. Our findings must be taken together with the knowledge that the value of the dollar, the global economy, and local, regional, and global political climates have all undergone significant changes in the last three years

Domestic Rivalry and Export Performance: Theory and Evidence from International Airline Markets

The much-studied relationship between domestic rivalry and export performance consists of those supporting a national-champion rationale, and those supporting a rivalry rationale. While the empirical literature generally supports the positive effects of domestic rivalry, the national-champion rationale actually rests on firmer theoretical ground. We address this inconsistency by providing a theoretical framework that illustrates three paths via which domestic rivalry translates into enhanced international exports. Furthermore, empirical tests on the world airline industry elicit the existence of one particular path - an enhanced firm performance effect - that connects domestic rivalry with improved international exports

Complementary Patents and Market Structure

Many high technology goods are based on standards that require several essential patents owned by different IP holders. This gives rise to a complements and a double mark-up problem. We compare the welfare effects of two different business strategies dealing with these problems. Vertical integration of an IP holder and a downstream producer solves the double mark-up problem between these firms. Nevertheless, it may raise royalty rates and reduce output as compared to non-integration. Horizontal integration of IP holders solves the complements problem but not the double mark-up problem. Vertical integration discourages entry and reduces innovation incentives, while horizontal integration always benefits from entry and innovatio

A Model of Vertical Oligopolistic Competition

This paper develops a model of successive oligopolies with endogenous market entry, allowing for varying degrees of product differentiation and entry costs in both markets. Our analysis shows that the downstream conditions dominate the overall profitability of the two-tier structure while the upstream conditions mainly affect the distribution of profits. We compare the welfare effects of upstream versus downstream deregulation policies and show that the impact of deregulation may be overvalued when ignoring feedback effects from the other market. Furthermore, we analyze how different forms of vertical restraints influence the endogenous market structure and show when they are welfare enhancing

TV Wars: Exclusive Content and Platform Competition in Pay TV

The article examines incentives for exclusive distribution of premium television programming. Static analysis shows that a vertically integrated operator with premium programming always supplies this content to the rival distributor, using per-subscriber fees to soften competition. In a dynamic setting with switching costs exclusivity confers a market share advantage, benefiting the operator in the future. Under certain conditions this future benefit outweighs the opportunity cost of forgone wholesale fees, making exclusivity the preferred choice. Alternative dynamic mechanisms are explored, identifying essential features. The analysis explains the observed incidence of content exclusivity in pay TV and provides guidance for policymakers

The Use of Written Direct Testimony in Jury Trials: A Proposal

The trial court is an escape valve for the excessive heat generated by conflicts within the society. Its role is to resolve disputes pursuant to procedures calculated to permit a full and fair hearing to the litigants. It is widely known among members of the bar that a lawsuit is not a scientific investigation for the discovery of truth. Rather, it is a mechanism by which society seeks to resolve the disputes which arise between or among its members and/or institutions. The litigants frame the issues and determine the matters to be studied. They marshall their own evidence and present only those facts which are of immediate moment and persuasive significance in the context of their case. Ordinarily, no search for broader truths is either attempted or permitted in this forum. Although truth may be beyond the litigator\u27s grasp, reasonably just settlements of disputes are not. At trial, such resolutions are left to the trier of fact. They depend upon the facts presented and the clarity and persuasiveness of the presentation. It is here that the process frequently comes apart, for the traditional modes of presentation of facts in our trial courts are inappropriate in many modern disputes. The proposal which follows calls for the utilization of written narrative direct testimony in appropriate jury cases. These would include cases involving a substantial degree of sophisticated, technical evidence. Resistance to the introduction of written evidence is largely based upon traditional adversary concepts of jury trials and the hypertechnical forms of objections which have evolved to protect the jury within this framework. The aim of this proposal is to place factual exposition at the forefront of trial considerations while protecting the jury both from tainted evidence and from ourselves