Evaluation of the metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative profile in prepubertal children with a history of prematurity and extra-uterine growth restriction

Introducción: El crecimiento extrauterino retrasado (EUGR: extrauterine growth restriction) es una condición adversa frecuente en los recién (RN) muy prematuros, definida mayoritariamente como la presencia de un peso inferior al percentil 3 (P3) o P10 a las 36 semanas de edad gestacional (EG) corregida y/o al alta domiciliaria. Aunque hoy en día se conoce que el EUGR se relaciona como el deterioro del crecimiento posterior o resultados neurológicos adversos, hay muy pocos datos disponibles sobre la influencia del EUGR en otros ámbitos como el estado inflamatorio o el nivel de estrés oxidativo, estrechamente relacionados con el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas. Se conoce que los niños con crecimiento fetal retrasado (FGR: fetal growth restriction) pueden asociar morbilidades metabólicas y un mayor nivel de inflamación relacionadas con cambios en la adiposidad y un estado antioxidante deteriorado. De manera similar, el desarrollo del tejido adiposo y los mecanismos antioxidantes pueden verse comprometidos en niños prematuros con EUGR, y producir efectos permanentes a largo plazo. Hipótesis de trabajo: Los niños con antecedente de prematuridad (nacidos a las ≤ 32 semanas de EG) y afectados de un EUGR, comparados con niños nacidos prematuros con crecimiento postnatal adecuado y con los niños nacidos a término sanos, pueden mostrar valores diferentes en biomarcadores metabólicos e inflamatorios, así como déficits en el estado de defensa antioxidante, en edades precoces de la vida como en la etapa prepuberal. Estos cambios podrían condicionar un mayor riesgo metabólico y cardiovascular en edades posteriores. Objetivo: Evaluar el perfil de biomarcadores inflamatorios y de adipoquinas así como el estado antioxidante enzimático en niños prepúberes con antecedentes de prematuridad sin FGR, con y sin EUGR, en comparación con un grupo de niños sanos nacidos a término. Metodología: En total, 211 niños prepuberales fueron reclutados y clasificados en tres grupos: 38 niños con antecedentes de prematuridad y EUGR (Grupo EUGR); 50 con antecedentes de prematuridad y crecimiento extrauterino adecuado (Grupo AEUG); y 123 niños control nacidos a término sanos (Grupo control). Se evaluaron los parámetros antropométricos y la tensión arterial (TA). Se cuantificaron los niveles de marcadores bioquímicos generales, enzimas hepáticas, perfil lipídico y marcadores del metabolismo hidrocarbonado como la insulina o la resistencia a la insulina (IR), calculada con la evaluación del modelo homeostático de IR (HOMA-IR). También se determinó la concentración plasmática de las adipoquinas adiponectina, resistina y leptina y las citoquinas proteína C reactiva (PCR), interleuquina 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, factor de crecimiento hepatocitario (HGF), factor de crecimiento neural (NGF), marcador quimioatractivo de los macrófagos tipo 1 (MCP1), factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e inhibidor del factor activador del plasminógeno 1 (PAI1). El sistema de defensa antioxidante se evaluó con las mediciones de las actividades de catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), glutatión peroxidasa (GPx) y glutatión reductasa (GR) en eritrocitos lisados, y de los niveles plasmáticos de los antioxidantes α-tocoferol, retinol y β-caroteno. Resultados: Los niños EUGR mostraron un mayor riesgo de retraso ponderoestatural que los niños AEUG, y puntuaciones Z de índice de masa corporal (IMC) más bajas en comparación con los niños de control, así como valores más altos de TA y mayor porcentaje de hipertensión arterial (HTA) en relación con los otros niños. Los grupos EUGR y AEUG presentaban valores más bajos de HDL-colesterol (HDL-c) y más altos de gamma glutamil transferasa (GGT) que los niños del grupo control. Además, se encontraron valores más altos de glucosa en los niños EGUR, y de LDL-colesterol (LDL-c), HOMA-IR e insulina en niños prematuros con AEUG. Se observaron niveles más altos de TNF-α, HGF y MCP-1 en el grupo EUGR en comparación con los otros dos grupos, y valores más altos de PAI-1 en el grupo AEUG en comparación con los otros niños. Adicionalmente, los niños prematuros, con y sin EUGR, mostraron valores más altos de PCR e IL-8 que los niños control. En relación con los niveles de adipoquinas, los niños EUGR exhibieron los niveles más bajos de adiponectina y los niveles más altos de resistina. Los niños del grupo AEUG también mostraron valores más bajos de adiponectina y más altos de resistina que los niños control, y elevación en los niveles de leptina en comparación con los niños de los otros grupos. En cuanto a la evaluación de las enzimas antioxidantes, los niños prematuros con antecedente de EUGR tenían menor actividad CAT que los otros dos grupos y menor actividad GPx que los niños control. Además, se detectaron actividades más bajas de SOD, GPx y GR en el grupo de niños prematuros con AEUG en comparación con los controles. Sin embargo, las concentraciones de α-tocoferol, β-caroteno y retinol fueron más altas en los grupos niños de los grupos EUGR y AEUG que en los niños a término. El análisis de correlación mostró que las adipoquinas, las actividades antioxidantes enzimáticas y los antioxidantes plasmáticos se relacionaron significativamente con la mayoría de las variables metabólicas y con los biomarcadores proinflamatorios especialmente en los niños prematuros, con y sin EUGR. Discusión: Los principales hallazgos del presente estudio fueron que los niños con antecedentes de prematuridad y EUGR exhibieron peores tasas de crecimiento, cifras de TA más altas y un perfil de adipoquinas más desfavorable que los niños prematuros sin EUGR y los controles. Además, los niños del grupo EUGR tuvieron una elevación en las concentraciones de la mayoría de las citoquinas proinflamatorias analizadas y una disminución en la actividad enzimática antioxidante, correlacionados a su vez con varios componentes del síndrome metabólico (SM). De acuerdo con la hipótesis de los orígenes del desarrollo, la prematuridad y la desnutrición intrauterina resultante en un crecimiento fetal deficiente, pueden programar morbilidades posteriores como la HTA, la diabetes, obesidad o SM. Los factores implicados en esta programación no están completamente dilucidados. El desequilibrio entre los mecanismos de pro y antioxidación observados en los sujetos afectos de FGR podría participar a la patogenia de la obesidad y las comorbilidades asociadas al SM. Además, la activación de la inflamación relacionada con cambios en el adipocito y un mayor acumulo de tejido adiposo visceral observada en los niños pequeños para la edad gestacional tras un FGR puede contribuir a reducir aún más la capacidad antioxidante y aumentar la producción de radicales libres, incrementado así el riesgo de complicaciones metabólicas, la enfermedad cardiovascular y otras patologías relacionadas con el estrés oxidativo. Teniendo en cuenta la premisa de que los insultos en la vida temprana del organismo pueden conllevar respuestas adaptativas, el EUGR, presente con una frecuencia variable pero generalmente alta en los RN más prematuros, puede compartir vías fisiopatológicas comunes con el FGR y hacerlos particularmente susceptibles al desarrollo de complicaciones en etapas posteriores. Sin embargo, la influencia de este retraso del crecimiento postnatal en los resultados metabólicos, nivel de inflamación y antioxidantes en los niños prematuros ha sido poco evaluada. Igualmente, se necesitan estudios que aclaren si la interacción entre la inflamación de bajo grado y un perfil adverso de adipoquinas relacionados con la disrupción de un tejido adiposo aberrante en los niños prematuros con EUGR, puede contribuir en los resultados metabólicos adversos. Conclusiones: El deterioro del crecimiento neonatal durante la hospitalización en niños nacidos prematuros aumenta el riesgo de hipocrecimento posterior e hipertensión arterial. El retraso del crecimiento extrauterino conduce a cambios adversos en el perfil de adipoquinas, una elevación en los biomarcadores proinflamatorios y una deficiencia en el sistema enzimático antioxidante en la edad prepuberal. El estrés metabólico postnatal en los niños prematuros con deterioro del crecimiento puede condicionar la persistencia de estos hallazgos en etapas posteriores de la vida y repercutir negativamente en la salud cardiometabólica. Sobre la base de nuestros hallazgos, consideramos que es necesario realizar más investigaciones y programas de seguimiento en poblaciones de niños prematuros con retraso del crecimiento extrauterino para predecir la homeostasis metabólica y prevenir el riesgo cardiovascular en el adulto.Introduction: The extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) is a common adverse condition of very preterm infants, mostly defined as the presence of a weight-for-age less than the 3rd percentile (P3) or P10 at 36 36-weeks’ postmenstrual age (PMA) and /or at hospital discharge. Although it is widely known that EUGR is associated with a posterior impaired growth or adverse neurological outcomes, few data are available on the influence of the EUGR on other areas such as the inflammatory state or the level of oxidative stress, closely related with the development of chronic diseases. Children with fetal growth restriction (FGR) may associate metabolic morbidities and a higher level of inflammation related with changes in adiposity and an impaired antioxidant status. Similarly, the development of the adipose tissue and antioxidant mechanisms may be compromised in preterm infants with EUGR, leading to permanent long-term effects. Hypothesis: Children with a history of prematurity (born at ≤ 32 weeks GA) and affected by an EUGR, compared to children born preterm with adequate postnatal growth and with healthy infants born at term, may show different values in metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, as well as deficits in the state of antioxidant defense, at early ages of life such as at the prepubertal stage. These changes could condition a higher metabolic and cardiovascular risk at later ages. Aim: To evaluate the profile of inflammatory and adipokine biomarkers as well as the enzyme antioxidant status in prepubertal children with a history of prematurity without FGR, with and without EUGR, compared to a group of healthy term children. Methodology: In total, 211 prepubertal children were recruited and classified into three groups: 38 children with a history of prematurity and EUGR (EUGR group); 50 with a history of prematurity and adequate extrauterine growth (AEUG group); and 123 healthy full-term children (Control group). Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated. The levels of general biochemical markers, liver enzymes, the lipid profile and markers of the hydrocarbon metabolism such as insulin or insulin resistance (IR) were quantified, calculated with the IR homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). The plasma concentration of the adipokines adiponectin, resistin and leptin and the cytokines Creactive protein (CRP), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), factor growth hormone (NGF), macrophage chemoattractant marker type 1 (MCP1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and plasminogen activator factor inhibitor 1 (PAI1). The antioxidant defense system was evaluated by measuring the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) in lysed erythrocytes, and plasma levels of the antioxidants α-tocopherol, retinol and β-carotene. Results: UGR children showed a higher risk of weight-height delay than AEUG children, and lower body mass index (BMI) Z-scores compared to control children, as well as higher BP values and a higher percentage of arterial hypertension in relation to the other children. The EUGR and AEUG groups had lower values of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and higher values of gamma glutamyl transferase than the children of the control group. In addition, higher values of glucose were found in EUGR children, and of LDLcholesterol (LDL-c), HOMA-IR and insulin in preterm children with AEUG. Higher levels of TNF-α, HGF and MCP-1 were observed in the EUGR group compared to the other two groups, and higher values of PAI-1 in the AEUG group compared to the other children. Additionally, preterm children, with and without EUGR, showed higher CRP and IL-8 values than control children. Regarding adipokine levels, EUGR children exhibited the lowest levels of adiponectin and the highest levels of resistin. Children in the AEUG group also showed lower adiponectin and higher resistin values than control children, and higher leptin levels compared to children of the other groups. In relation to the evaluation of antioxidant enzymes, premature children with a history of EUGR had lower CAT activity than the other two groups and lower GPx activity than control children. Furthermore, lower activities of SOD, GPx and GR were detected in the group of preterm children with AEUG compared to controls. However, the concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene and retinol were higher in the EUGR and AEUG groups than in term children. Correlation analysis showed that adipokines, enzymatic antioxidant activities, and plasma antioxidants were significantly related to the most metabolic variables and proinflammatory biomarkers, especially in preterm children, with and without EUGR. Discussion: The main findings of the present study were that children with a history of prematurity and EUGR had poorer growth rates, higher BP levels, and a more unfavorable adipokine profile than preterm children without EUGR and controls. In addition, the children of the EUGR group had an increase in the concentrations of most of the proinflammatory cytokines analyzed and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity, which were correlated with several components of the metabolic syndrome (MS). According to the hypothesis of the origins of the development, prematurity and the intrauterine malnutrition resulting in a poor fetal growth, could program later morbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity or MS. The factors involved in this programming are not fully elucidated. The imbalance between the pro- and antioxidation mechanisms observed in subjects affected by a FGR could participate in the pathogenesis of the obesity and the comorbidities associated with the MS. In addition, the activation of inflammation related to adipocyte changes and an increased accumulation of visceral adipose tissue observed in small-for-gestational-age infants after a FGR, may contribute to the further reduced antioxidant capacity and increased free radical production. These outcomes, at turn, could increase the risk of metabolic complications, cardiovascular disease and other pathologies related to the oxidative stress. Considering the premise that insults in the early life of the organism could lead to adaptive responses, the EUGR condition, often described in preterm newborns, may share common pathophysiological pathways with the FGR and make them particularly susceptible to the development of complications in later ages. However, the influence of this postnatal growth restriction on the metabolic outcomes, level of inflammation and antioxidants in preterm children has been poorly evaluated. Similarly, studies are needed to clarify whether the interaction between low-grade inflammation and an adverse adipokine profile related to aberrant adipose tissue disruption in preterm children with EUGR may contribute to adverse metabolic outcomes. Conclusions: Impairment of the neonatal growth during hospitalization of infants born preterm increases the risk of a posterior growth retardation and arterial hypertension. The extrauterine growth restriction condition leads to adverse changes in the adipokine profile, an elevation in proinflammatory biomarkers, and a deficiency in the antioxidant enzyme system in prepubertal age. The postnatal metabolic stress in preterm children with an impaired growth may condition the persistence of these findings later in life and have a negative impact on cardiometabolic health. Based on our findings, we propose that further research and follow-up programs are needed in populations of preterm children with extrauterine growth restriction to predict the posterior metabolic homeostasis and prevent the cardiovascular risk in adults

Impaired Antioxidant Defence Status Is Associated With Metabolic-Inflammatory Risk Factors in Preterm Children With Extrauterine Growth Restriction: The BIORICA Cohort Study

This study was funded by the Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica (Ithorn DthornI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria Project No. PI13/01245 from the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and co-financed by the Consejeria de Innovacion y Ciencia, Junta de Andalucia, PI-0480-2012, Spain. AG was funded by the Research Plan of the ViceRectorate of Research and Transfer of the University of Granada, Spain. This paper will be included in MO-D's doctorate under the Biomedicine Program at the University of Cordoba, Spain. The funding bodies did not partake in the design, collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data or in writing the manuscript. Maternal-Infant and Developmental Health Network (SAMID), RETICS Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (Red SAMID RD12/0026/0015).Introduction: An impaired antioxidant status has been described during foetal growth restriction (FGR). Similarly, the antioxidant defence system can be compromised in preterm children with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR). The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the antioxidant status in prepubertal children with a history of prematurity without FGR, with and without EUGR, compared to a healthy group.Methods: In total, 211 children were recruited and classified into three groups: 38 with a history of prematurity and EUGR; 50 with a history of prematurity and adequate extrauterine growth (AEUG); and 123 control children born at term. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were assessed in lysed erythrocytes with spectrophotometric methods. Plasma levels of the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, retinol and beta-carotene were determined through solvent extraction and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.Results: Children with the antecedent of EUGR and prematurity had lower CAT activity than the other two groups and lower GPx activity than the control children. Lower SOD, GPx and GR activities were observed in the AEUG group compared to the controls. However, higher concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were found in the EUGR group compared to the other groups; retinol levels were also higher in EUGR than in AEUG children. In EUGR and AEUG children, enzymatic antioxidant activities and plasma antioxidants were associated with metabolic syndrome components and pro-inflammatory biomarkers.Conclusions: This study reveals, for the first time, that the EUGR condition and prematurity appear to be linked to an impairment of the antioxidant defence status, which might condition an increased risk of adverse metabolic outcomes later in life.Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion TecnologicaInstituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria Project Spanish Ministry of Health andConsumer Affairs PI13/01245Junta de Andalucia PI-0480-2012Research Plan of the ViceRectorate of Research and Transfer of the University of Granada, SpainBiomedicine Program at the University of Cordoba, SpainMaternal-Infant and Developmental Health Network (SAMID)RETICS Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain Red SAMID RD12/0026/001

Impaired Antioxidant Defence Status Is Associated With Metabolic-Inflammatory Risk Factors in Preterm Children With Extrauterine Growth Restriction: The BIORICA Cohort Study

Introduction: An impaired antioxidant status has been described during foetal growth restriction (FGR). Similarly, the antioxidant defence system can be compromised in preterm children with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR). The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the antioxidant status in prepubertal children with a history of prematurity without FGR, with and without EUGR, compared to a healthy group. Methods: In total, 211 children were recruited and classified into three groups: 38 with a history of prematurity and EUGR; 50 with a history of prematurity and adequate extrauterine growth (AEUG); and 123 control children born at term. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were assessed in lysed erythrocytes with spectrophotometric methods. Plasma levels of the antioxidants α-tocopherol, retinol and β-carotene were determined through solvent extraction and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Results: Children with the antecedent of EUGR and prematurity had lower CAT activity than the other two groups and lower GPx activity than the control children. Lower SOD, GPx and GR activities were observed in the AEUG group compared to the controls. However, higher concentrations of α-tocopherol and β-carotene were found in the EUGR group compared to the other groups; retinol levels were also higher in EUGR than in AEUG children. In EUGR and AEUG children, enzymatic antioxidant activities and plasma antioxidants were associated with metabolic syndrome components and pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusions: This study reveals, for the first time, that the EUGR condition and prematurity appear to be linked to an impairment of the antioxidant defence status, which might condition an increased risk of adverse metabolic outcomes later in life.This study was funded by the Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (Iþ DþI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria Project No. PI13/01245 from the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and co-financed by the Consejería de Innovación y Ciencia, Junta de Andalucía, PI-0480-2012, Spain. ÁG was funded by the Research Plan of the Vice-Rectorate of Research and Transfer of the University of Granada, Spain. This paper will be included in MO-D's doctorate under the Biomedicine Program at the University of Córdoba, Spain. The funding bodies did not partake in the design, collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data or in writing the manuscript. Maternal-Infant and Developmental Health Network (SAMID), RETICS Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (Red SAMID RD12/0026/0015).Ye

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

Adelante / Endavant

Séptimo desafío por la erradicación de la violencia contra las mujeres del Institut Universitari d’Estudis Feministes i de Gènere "Purificación Escribano" de la Universitat Jaume

Plasma Adipokines Profile in Prepubertal Children with a History of Prematurity or Extrauterine Growth Restriction

Adipose tissue programming could be developed in very preterm infants with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), with an adverse impact on long-term metabolic status, as was studied in intrauterine growth restriction patterns. The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the difference in levels of plasma adipokines in children with a history of EUGR. A total of 211 school age prepubertal children were examined: 38 with a history of prematurity and EUGR (EUGR), 50 with a history of prematurity with adequate growth (PREM), and 123 healthy children born at term. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, metabolic markers and adipokines (adiponectin, resistin, leptin) were measured. Children with a history of EUGR showed lower values of adiponectin (µg/mL) compared with the other two groups: (EUGR: 10.6 vs. PREM: 17.7, p < 0.001; vs. CONTROL: 25.7, p = 0.004) and higher levels of resistin (ng/mL) (EUGR: 19.2 vs. PREM: 16.3, p =0.007; vs. CONTROL: 7.1, p < 0.001. The PREM group showed the highest values of leptin (ng/mL), compared with the others: PREM: 4.9 vs. EUGR: 2.1, p = 0.048; vs. CONTROL: 3.2, p = 0.029). In conclusion, EUGR in premature children could lead to a distinctive adipokines profile, likely associated with an early programming of the adipose tissue, and likely to increase the risk of adverse health outcomes later in life.This study was supported by the Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (Iþ DþI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria Project No. PI13/01245 from the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and co-financed by the Consejería de Innovación y Ciencia, Junta de Andalucía, PI-0480-2012, Spain. The funding bodies did not partake in the design, collection, analyses or interpretation of the data or in writing the manuscript

Prematurity With Extrauterine Growth Restriction Increases the Risk of Higher Levels of Glucose, Low-Grade of Inflammation and Hypertension in Prepubertal Children

Introduction: An adipose tissue programming mechanism could be implicated in the extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) of very preterm infants with morbidity in the cardiometabolic status later in life, as has been reported in intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of this study was to assess whether children with a history of prematurity and EUGR, but also with an adequate growth, showed alterations in the metabolic and inflammatory status. Methods: This was a case–control study. A total of 88 prepubertal children with prematurity antecedents were selected: 38 with EUGR and 50 with an adequate growth pattern (PREM group). They were compared with 123 healthy children born at term. Anthropometry, metabolic parameters, blood pressure (BP), C-reactive protein, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein type 1 (MCP-1), neural growth factor, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 were analysed at the prepubertal age. Results: EUGR children exhibited higher BP levels and a higher prevalence of hypertension (46%) compared with both PREM (10%) and control (2.5%) groups. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between BP levels and values for glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR only in children with a EUGR history. The EUGR group showed higher concentrations of most of the cytokines analysed, markedly higher TNF-α, HGF and MCP-1 levels compared with the other two groups. Conclusion: EUGR status leads to cardiometabolic changes and a low-grade inflammatory status in children with a history of prematurity, and that could be related with cardiovascular risk later in life.This study was supported by the Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (Iþ DþI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria Project No. PI13/01245 from the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, and was co-financed by the Consejeria de Innovacion y Ciencia, Junta de Andalucía, PI-0480-2012, Spain

Plasma Adipokines Profile in Prepubertal Children with a History of Prematurity or Extrauterine Growth Restriction

Adipose tissue programming could be developed in very preterm infants with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), with an adverse impact on long-term metabolic status, as was studied in intrauterine growth restriction patterns. The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the difference in levels of plasma adipokines in children with a history of EUGR. A total of 211 school age prepubertal children were examined: 38 with a history of prematurity and EUGR (EUGR), 50 with a history of prematurity with adequate growth (PREM), and 123 healthy children born at term. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, metabolic markers and adipokines (adiponectin, resistin, leptin) were measured. Children with a history of EUGR showed lower values of adiponectin (&mu;g/mL) compared with the other two groups: (EUGR: 10.6 vs. PREM: 17.7, p &lt; 0.001; vs. CONTROL: 25.7, p = 0.004) and higher levels of resistin (ng/mL) (EUGR: 19.2 vs. PREM: 16.3, p =0.007; vs. CONTROL: 7.1, p &lt; 0.001. The PREM group showed the highest values of leptin (ng/mL), compared with the others: PREM: 4.9 vs. EUGR: 2.1, p = 0.048; vs. CONTROL: 3.2, p = 0.029). In conclusion, EUGR in premature children could lead to a distinctive adipokines profile, likely associated with an early programming of the adipose tissue, and likely to increase the risk of adverse health outcomes later in life

Plasma Adipokines Profile in Prepubertal Children with a History of Prematurity or Extrauterine Growth Restriction.

Adipose tissue programming could be developed in very preterm infants with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), with an adverse impact on long-term metabolic status, as was studied in intrauterine growth restriction patterns. The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the difference in levels of plasma adipokines in children with a history of EUGR. A total of 211 school age prepubertal children were examined: 38 with a history of prematurity and EUGR (EUGR), 50 with a history of prematurity with adequate growth (PREM), and 123 healthy children born at term. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, metabolic markers and adipokines (adiponectin, resistin, leptin) were measured. Children with a history of EUGR showed lower values of adiponectin (μg/mL) compared with the other two groups: (EUGR: 10.6 vs. PREM: 17.7,